19th Century Welfare Provision History Essay

19th Century Welfare Provision History Essay In what ways was 19th century welfare provision shaped by the socially constructed distinction between the deserving and undeserving poor and with what consequences for these different groups in terms of the type of welfare assistance available to them?. The origins of the Welfare State in the United Kingdom go back to Elizabethan times. The introduction of the Poor Laws was the first legislative attempt to ensure that the poor had the means to live. This method continued until the Industrial Revolution, when provision for the poor changed. The Welfare State in its modern form began with the introduction of reforms between 1906 and 1914 by the Liberal Government. These reforms included the introduction of National Insurance, Old Age Pensions and Free School Meals. In the increasingly complex society that emerged in the 19th century industrialised Britain, there was , and has continued t be, a need to support people who are unable to cope without state social welfare provision and bring order to social life. The Second World War then led to the development of welfare legislation designed to ensure that everybody in the United Kingdom had access to quality healthcare. This resulted in the introduction of the National Health Service and a range of health education and disease prevention measures being introduced in post war Britain. In the period between the fall of the Roman Empire and the enactment of the first Elizabethan Poor Law in 1601 philanthropy was characterized by various hierarchical relationships within the feudal structure.   Help for others was pre-eminently a matter of royal contributions, but was also greatly supplemented by personal charity on the part of the wealthy.   Religion and concerns about life after death drove many to charitable works.   Churches continually increased their position in society and began to take a prominent role in philanthropic endeavours. Over time the churchs role evolved, becoming one of the main instruments of charitable actions.   A historical perspective is important in understanding british social policy development. Loking at the influence of 19th century social, economic and political change, particularly the A wide range of personal motivations contributed to philanthropic participation, as helping others was seen as emotionally and socially stimulating. While much was accomplished in this period, charity was often erratic and did not always fully meet the needs of the recipients. Robert Morris (1986) Philanthropy can be defined as the provision of financial, material, and ideal resources for cultural, social, and educational institutions.   During the course the 19th century these aims increasingly came to fruition through foundations, limited dividend companies, membership organizations, or by bequests and donations, and were generally facilitated by middle to upper class people. Thomas Adam (2001) Charity organization movements were one of the key characteristics of Victorian era philanthropists. With the emergence of nation states prior to and during this period, poverty and social welfare gradually became embodied in law. State advocated reform was often frenzied, highly bureaucratic, and humiliating to the poor who received aid.   However, as the duties of governments increased, aid societies and philanthropists also expanded their organizational efforts.   Civil and religious structures for taking care of the poor began to mix, resulting in a more bureaucratic and regimented approach to philanthropy.   Ã‚   Robert Morris (1986) Social sciences began to be consulted more as philanthropists and the state sought to identify and subdivide social problems, and to obtain information on specific needs that would remedy the identified problems.   The inclusion of social science in social welfare organizations helped to make philanthropic endeavours more efficient. F.K Prochaska (1980) Philanthropy in the 19th century was based on religious tradition that was centuries in the making.   Historically, wealthy people in society gave to the poor as a Christian duty.   Charity was seen as a way of saving ones own soul while also helping those in need.   Protestants, especially those with strong evangelical leanings, believed that social conscience demanded social action.   They held that by coming into contact with human nature, particularly with those in need that they were able to come in contact with Christ. Henry B. Washburn (1931) Religious philanthropists believed that by helping the needy, they were helping their own kin because everyone was a child of God. Good works were, and are part of the foundation of Christianity, and pave the way to salvation.   Through the 19th century, the church increasingly became the vehicle of private and public social work.   However, it should be noted that though philanthropy was rooted in religious and church tradition, it also spread outside the church.   Philanthropy and religion are intertwined throughout history, but are not necessarily dependent on each other. The growth of the middle classes in the 18th and 19th centuries gave rise to increased public participation on the part of women.    Work in charitable groups and institutions became an avenue for entry into elite society for women and gave them a sense of place and direction outside the home.   By the 19th century women were increasingly better educated, and viewed by some aspects of society as an underutilized resource.   Philanthropic work was seen as the ideal situation for the inclusion of women because charity work seemed to be a natural extension of their maternal qualities into wider society.   A distinctive feature of womens philanthropic work in the 19th century is the degree to which they applied their domestic experience and education outside the home. The saying charity begins at home had wider meaning than its originator suspected for it was believed that it was in the home where women developed the sympathies and skills necessary to perform good works in a wider sphere.   As the family received more and more attention as the paramount social unit in society, women, believed to be the natural guardians of the household, gained new confidence. F.K. Prochaska, (1980) The rise of evangelism in the 19th century also contributed greatly to womens expanding roles in institutional philanthropy.   As a religion of duty which placed service above doctrine, evangelism particularly appealed to women as religious sensibility and social pity stood much higher in their minds than abstract arid theology. F.K. Prochaska, (1980)    Womens industriousness in household management also proved to be beneficial for the often cash-strapped organizations.   In addition to fundraising through bazaars, dinner parties, banquets, and collection boxes women took on extra household work, and sold handiworks to earn extra cash for their organizations. Women brought a caring and industrious influence to institutional and private philanthropy that may have been lacking had philanthropic work been left solely to their male counterparts. Before 1834, the cost of looking after the poor was growing more expensive year by year. This cost was paid for by the middle and upper classes in each town through their local taxes. There was a real suspicion amongst the middle and upper classes that they were paying the poor to be lazy and avoid work. After years of complaint, a new Poor Law was introduced in 1834. The new Poor Law was meant to reduce the cost of looking after the poor, prevent scroungers and impose a system which would be the same all over the country. Under the new Poor Law, parishes were grouped into unions and each union had to build a workhouse if they did not already have one. Except in special circumstances, poor people could now only get help if they were prepared to leave their homes and go into a workhouse. Conditions inside the workhouse were deliberately harsh, so that only those who desperately needed help would ask for it. Families were split up and housed in different parts of the workhouse. The poor were made to wear a uniform and the diet was monotonous. There were also strict rules and regulations to follow. Inmates, male and female, young and old were made to work hard, often doing unpleasant jobs such as picking oakum or breaking stones. Children could also find themselves hired out to work in factories or mines. Shortly after the new Poor Law was introduced, a number of scandals hit the headlines. The most famous was Andover Workhouse, where it was reported that half-starved inmates were found eating the rotting flesh from bones. In response to these scandals the government introduced stricter rules for those who ran the workhouses and they also set up a system of regular inspections. However, inmates were still at the mercy of unscrupulous masters and matrons who treated the poor with contempt and abused the rules. Although most people did not have to go to the workhouse, it was always threatening if a worker became unemployed, sick or old. Increasingly, workhouses contained only orphans, the old, the sick and the insane. Not surprisingly the new Poor Law was very unpopular. It seemed to punish people who were poor through no fault of their own.

General Electric Growth Strategy: The Imment Initiative

General Electric Growth Strategy: The Imment Initiative General electric a USA based company whose headquarters are located in New York is one of the words most renowned and successful companies in terms of market shares and revenues with the total worth of $150 billion. The companys total revenue in the year 2006 had increased to 17% comparing to the total revenue gained 2005 i.e. 12%. General electric is ranked two by Forbes based on the total profit made by the company, total market shares, and the value of products. General electric is currently employing around 287,000 employees all around the world and its market is expanded throughout countries like the united states of America, European countries and the Asian continent primarily India, china, Japan, and Singapore. But the stock prices of GE seems to be constant at $35 despite of huge market growth, which is one of the most important factors to look for in future for GE, despite constant stock prices GE is doing good in terms of earnings in the market. B. Strategic posture As soon as jeff immelt hold the position as the CEO of GE, he describes certain mission, objectives and strategies that GE has to follow throughout, these are. Mission Mission of the company is to change the previous strategies which proved to be inefficient earlier, and to integrate the company as a conglomerate. One of the major missions of the company is also to satisfy the demand of its customers and to deliver the best to its clients. Objectives To formulate and act on various strategies and to modify it at times and according to the situation that will help the company in the long term gain. To create a media business that is focused on the digital future of the company i.e. the acquisition of various media franchise. To create new techniques and to flourish in the healthcare market, like to combine GEs advanced imaging techniques with traditional healthcare techniques like advanced diagnostics, targeted therapies etc. so as to deliver their customers with new techniques and also to gain new opportunities in the market. Strategies The major strategies of GE are: As an ex-salesman, immelt had always got the tendency to focus on the needs of the customers and to deliver them with the best in quality and technique services. For accomplishing these objectives immelt had developed some major strategies that includes recruiting new chief marketing officer, and to train the business development staff more precisely to marketing roles. In the process they have hired a large number of marketing experts that shows how much GE wants to look for customer satisfaction. The next strategy of immelt is to form a commercial effective counsel in order to bring about together the best sales and marketing leaders together to deliver best practice. The company started using tools such as six sigma and net promoter score (NPS) to track customers attitude and loyalty. The next strategy of immelt focuses on being a service provider in order to strengthen customer relationship. As GE has a massive base of more than 100,000 long lived jet engines, power generators, locomotives and medical devices. Immelt seems them as a very good potential service income stream. Policies GEs policies includes customer satisfaction and employee satisfaction, and these policies are very much connected to each other and to the external and internal environment as the mission of GE is to provide the best services and this can only be done when they have a good customer and employee policies. The current mission, objectives and strategies of GE is very much accurate considering its globalization policies and multi domestic policies. And the main objective of the company reflects the internal operations of GE as immelt had altered many processes and shuffled departments keeping in mind the missions and objectives. 3. External environment: opportunities and threats A. Natural Physical Environment: Sustainability Issues The new growth platform of GE is based on natural and renewable sources of energy that includes wind, solar, biomass, coal gasification etc. GE is trying to increase their scope to these sources in order to sustain in the future. The only threat for GE in dealing with this new growth platform is the carbon emission and the use of non renewable sources. GE must find new ways to tackle these problems. Natural environment counts when it comes to services for example if GE is delivering its services in some area where the environmental conditions are not that good such as extremely hot conditions in the countries of Africa and extremely cold regions of the Siberia and the arctic circle. B. Societal Issues Economic: the company is doing very well in the recent days in terms of sales and new services and as there are many new opportunities for GE flourishing in every field ranging from healthcare to consultancy related services. The only threat for the company is the competition that is growing day by day in the related fields. Technological: GE is equipped with one of the best engineers and R D department of the world therefore it is a very good plus point for GE in order to research new technologies for its services. As GE deals in various services ranging from hardware to providing consultancy to medical services therefore it is a must for GE to use new and modified technologies and a very good base of technical employees. The technology that is used by GE always gives it a forte in the market. Political: the company has to face many political issues especially when it is trading in other countries therefore GE must have a very good law base and an effective Liasoning strategy so as to deal with political problems. Socio-cultural: the employees of GE is experiencing a work culture, this work culture is very important for GE in order to make their employees satisfied and to maintain dignity of work. Moreover GE is very much obsessed about their customers and for that reason they have formulated various effective strategies for their customers. All these forces vary when talking about trading of GE in global market. For ex. the political scenario of the country could be very different, for ex. the globalization policies, the employment policies and the taxation policies could be very different in other countries. Moreover the technological aspects also changes when trading globally for ex. the country where GE is trading may not have a very good technological base. Socio culture also depends and varies country to country depending on the work culture that is defined in that country. C. Task Environment Threat of new entrants: as GE is dealing in many services ranging from consultancy to hardware and other services therefore they are facing immense competition in the sector, also when they deal in global market they face competition from various local companies and firms in the same service, but as the strategies of GE is very well defined therefore they can very well compete and also defeat other players. Bargaining power of buyers: bargaining power of buyers is very high keeping in mind the thing that there are very much competition in the market therefore the bargaining power of buyers is very high and the company would compromise on bargain if required. Threat of substitute products and services: the services provided by the company are unique in nature and is very good in quality therefore the chances are very low that new services and products may replace GEs products, but GE should not take this thing very lightly as the concept of globalization is increasing and companies are keen to develop new strategies and willing to introduce new products. Bargaining power of suppliers: the bargaining power of supplier is not very much in case of deals with GE as the market reputation and position of GE is very good and as GE is a very good company therefore dealing with GE gives a plus point to the suppliers in their portfolio. Rivalry among competitive firms: GE as all knows is a $150 billion company therefore it is obvious that GE holds the key position in the market whether it is related to services based on consultancy or healthcare or any other hardware service, and GE operates and provide services in every filed therefore rivalry between GE and its competitive firms is very much for example companies which are pre-established in the healthcare sector are nowadays getting a tough competition from GE therefore we can say that the rivalry is very high in this case. 4. Internal Environment: Strength and Weakness A. Corporate Structure GE is an American multinational conglomerate company and is a publicly traded company; GE is ranked the number one company by Forbes in terms of employees and employers experience. The corporate structure of GE is divided into four parts GE capital: led by mike neal the vice chairman of the company, this segment deals with all the financial services businesses that include commercial finance, corporate treasury, and GE money. This structure focuses on improving GEs capital opportunities. GE technology infrastructure: is headed by vice chairmen john rice is a segment that focuses primarily on aviation, transportation, and healthcare and enterprise solution. This segment focuses on developing new softwares and leveraging technology. NBC universal: focuses mainly on the globalization and acquisition policies. Energy infrastructure: headed by vice chairman john krenicki is a segment that focuses on energy, water and oil and gas. B. Corporate Culture GE believes that their culture is among their innovations. GEs culture plays very important part in unifying the overall structure and the working of their business units around the world. The main aspects of GE that forms the major culture of GE they are: Their peoples: GE believes that their employees are their base in producing and delivering services therefore GE bring together employees to generate a passion of leadership with a combination of attributes. Working environment: the environment that GE provides is a highly integrated work environment with the best business practices. Leadership and learning: GE believes that learning is the process of development and so they have a very good base to teach their employees at every step of work. The work culture of the company consistent to the companys current objectives, strategies, policies and programs as the company believes in satisfying their customers and their employees therefore their work culture is very well defined in this context. GE believes in a sustainable culture and to utilize the natural resources to the best and this thing is very well confined in the work culture of GE. The corporate culture of GE is designed kept in mind increasing the quality of services, productivity, and globalization strategies so that they can gain more revenues. The company has a very diverse work force therefore they have formed corporate culture that not only help employees irrespective of their background but also encourage them. Whenever GE trades in any other country, they always make sure that the workforce there is satisfied with their corporate culture and also try to formulate strategies based on their culture so that they will have no problem in working with the peoples of that country. C. Corporate Resources The General Electric is highly diverse multinational conglomerate and has a highly expanded market. To make sure continued growth, the company CEO Jeff Immelt has incorporated various marketing and finance strategies over the year for justified use of available corporate resources Marketing General electric is currently working on basic business model based on which it has progressed over the year with slight changes. Its objective is to work as a well integrated and highly diversified company producing with innovations in every area. It is currently operating in 11 major business lines which includes-finance, transportation, NBC and health care. Jeff Immelt took the advantage of General Electric s huge and diverse stature by taking the company into high technology based industries due to lack of competition whose growth strategies were based on Technical leadership, Services acceleration, Commercial excellence, Globalization and Growth platforms. The first and foremost objective of Immelts strategies was increment in organic growth of company from its 5% annual rate during Welchs tenure to 8%. His strategic planning included renewing and rebalancing existing company portfolios and then attempting growth from fresh and sound foundation. One of the significant steps taken were acquisition of various markets and networks in existing business like Hispanic advertisement market etc. which helped in providing scope for future market opportunities and innovations. The main marketing strategies involve employee of company as their consumer on par with other consumer groups, awareness of strategies followed by its competitor, developing relations with its major consumers and over the years environmental safety has become a priority for General Electric. Compared to its competitors the marketing strategies of GE is unique and widely appreciated, the fact that it has not only followed its previous strategies but also taken some bold modifications viewed by others, having potential risk makes it superior to its competitors. The company has extended widely in past years by acquiring new business as well as investing in previous business as well. It has opened its branches in more than 150 countries and RD departments in India and China taking into consideration their cultural traditions since it considers its employees its first consumers. One of the weaknesses of GE has been its poor record with environmental issues. Allegations have immerged of water and air pollutions against the company. The new marketing strategy have taken it a point to make sure no further misuse of natural resources take place. The role of marketing manager is of utmost importance in GE. The strategy should be sought out further new innovative and technically feasible marketing strategies in order to increase its total revenue by 20 to 25%. Advantage for the manager is existing wealth of $150 billion and companies sound market reputation. Finance Jeff Immelt took the job of CEO of General Electrics at the time of great financial difficulties due to 9/11 incident which brought financial turmoil to the whole countrys economy but Immelt had huge belief in companys reputation and showed promising results as time passed. Initially the companys share dropped by 20% due to which he was widely criticized. But with persistent efforts at the end of year 2002, its cash flow increased to 10% compared to previous year and by the end of year 2004, companys revenue increased to 20%.The success achieved by the company is due to its visionary CEO who worked incessantly despite criticism in order to make General Electric one of the most renowned name ever. Currently its sound financial stand in market gives it scope for exploring new business areas and expansion of General Electric. The financial strategy of investing and acquiring new business is consistent with one of the main objectives of GE i.e. expansion of company widely across the globe. Net earnings of General Electric have increased every year considerably during Jeff Immelts tenure as its CEO. By assessing GEs cost price and selling price index it can be determined that initially the company had to suffer few losses with speedy recovery in 2002-2003 while there was a slight dip during 2003-2004, currently GEs business boast of $150 billion business and still expanding. Overall the new financial strategy was based on companys previous successful strategies with further investment in high technologically sound and service satisfactory business with development of high quality products. Finance is the backbone of GE, as with new business investment there is always potential risk, companies accumulated wealth is a plus point for further developments. With its initial criticism of over expected business success GEs CEO Jeff Immelt took revolutionary decision and within two years he took the company to its set objectives with net revenue increasing many folds and financial reputation strengthening. The strategies followed by GE for financial stability are based on its previous successful financial strategies with slight modifications. One of the significant strategies of the company is deliberate synchronization of its product price with that of the countrys market price in order to have complete harmony with its local consumers. In 2001 after 9/11 GEs stakeholders and shares declined significantly and its new appointed CEO Jeff Immelt was criticized widely for his potentially risky decision. But GE managed to fight back to its overwhelming position and as one of the most renowned name in market. The possible financial manager role is to make sure that companys product is satisfactory and in accordance with consumers pocket. The satisfaction of companys stakeholders and shareholders has always been companys first priority. Along with this company should implement those financial strategies which are in accordance to the present market condition and economy. Research and Development Initially Immelt decided on $100 million for General Electrics research and development facility at Nishayuna in New York, investing in building new campus and laboratories. It was developed for discussion between business manager and technologist to optimize its product quality. Although Immelt had plans for investment in long term research product which might not be feasibly commercialy for at least a decade as well. He showed more interest in high technology assisted products. Expansion was also visible in RD department with new installation in India and China along with RD budget being increased to $327 million in 2002 to emphasize more on organic research rather than acquisition. The Research and Development department is one of the most extensive and highly developed of GE with increase in its budget every year being visible promising high quality and innovative as well as inventive product being guaranteed by the company. Operation and Logistics The performance of the company is easily calculated by its sales revenues. In 2004-2005 the sales revenue increased from $ 1, 34,481 Million to $ 1, 49,702 Million. This concludes that the companys sale rapidly increased from 2004-2005. Also earnings from continuing operation increased from $ 16,285 Million to $ 18,275 Million in the same period that means production increased continuously. Sales volume of GE has a huge level of production that provides unique identity among competitors. GE production manager increases the level of production so sales revenues and net profit increases. Human Resource Management GEs Human Resource management includes employment and arbitration in according with the United States laws, and with a companys directives. Main motive of GEs HR professionals is to identify the new competencies that growth managers would need to exhibit. GEs HR researched the managers profiles at large global companies like TOYOTA and DELL. GEs HR responses utilizes 20% of total time with customers time ,30% on people, teaching and 10% with governance, working with the board, and meeting with the investors. The current economic climate is forcing GEs to explore tactics to remain competitive. Business process outsourcing of certain functions is an increasingly popular way to improve basic services. Information Technology GEs had the best product, content and services. A dedication to GEs inspires an entrepreneurial culture to implement ideas into differentiating opportunities for clients, business and most importantly to drive one GE in the market place. Strategic Factors Internal Factors Capability Manufacturing Services acceleration Finance Price Promotion Place Personal External Factors Customer Market place Growth leaders Technical leadership Transportation Competitors Target Globalization Recommended Strategies GE is a global company and it wants to achieve global presence in the whole world. It is recommended here that: GE should invest in high level business surveys in future markets to expand its market value. GE should engage local growth leaders in their targeted areas who would help actualize the real customer needs in such markets. GE should adopt new technology to fast its services and products in the market. Conclusions The strategy of GE to provide services in every sector is proved to be a very good strategy as it has given empowerment to the company to increase its sales and revenues on a very big scale. The company is also opting for the globalization strategy and is trading in many countries across the world making them more and more powerful in terms of services and customer relation. Immelts growth strategy to increase the share prices and to increase the revenue is proved to be very efficient in the context. Immelt is an ex- salesman therefore he knows that the customer is the main person that decides your stock prices and the revenues and the market position most importantly, therefore he had introduced strategies to make the customer happy and the strategies proved to be very good. The key to effective implementation of the strategies is to building on the past while imagining the future, technical leadership, services acceleration, commercial excellence, globalization, growth platform are the major key in the effective implementation of the strategies.

Engineering Report - Whipper Snipper/lawn Trimmer :: essays research papers fc

Whipper snipper/ Lawn Trimmer No one person or corporation is attributed with creating the lawn trimmer however the original lawn trimmers where developed from1968 to 1970. Prior to 1970, there were no line trimmers, as we know them today. Can you imagine edging sidewalks, driveways, parking lots and shrub beds with hand-held trimmers? Can you imagine how sore your back, arms and legs would be after a long day of pushing a manual edger along seemingly endless sidewalks and driveways? Can you imagine trimming any turf at all without a powered trimmer? Many of us take the advantages the line trimmer gives us for granted. Line trimmers are one of the most important pieces of equipment in the wide array of landscaping tools. They put an edge on sidewalks, shrub and flowerbeds and parking lots. The time we save by using these tools is something people may take for granted these days. Since the early 1970s (when the first powered line trimmers appeared), the machines have improved with stronger line, more attachments and better engines. This is all in the aid of giving more time and quicker action in the increasingly hectic lifestyles of today. The basic trimmer works by the engine driving a multi-bearing supported hardened steel shaft housed in an aluminium tube through a centrifugal clutch this shaft is connected to a â€Å"head† that holds a nylon line that spun at high revolutions per minute (RPM). This nylon line then cuts the grass by hitting the blades of grass at high speed, this cause the grass to be severed at the point of impact. Thus trimming the grass. The first models were petrol powered, as electrical lawn mowing devices had gone out of fashion due to the danger of electrocution after accidentally cutting the power cord. The original petrol powered trimmers where two stroke engines around 28 to 32 cubic centimetres in capacity powered by a mixture of â€Å"super† petrol and oil, today they are much the same with the exception of being powered by unleaded petrol and oil, but becoming more popular is the electric trimmer. A leader in engine technology Honda has taken the latest accomplishment, with Mini 4-Stroke engines. Powered by the only 360' inclinable (can be turned on any angle and still run properly) 4-stroke engine available today, the new Honda trimmers deliver smooth, dependable power and unsurpassed fuel efficiency. They require no special gas/oil mixtures so there's no chance for improperly mixed fuels.

The War on Terrorism Has Not Compromised Civil Liberties Essay

The War on Terrorism Has Not Compromised Civil Liberties In the wake of 9/11, the United States of America began to fight a war on terrorism.   Many in this country would say we actually started a war against ourselves.   One argument is the war on terrorism has begun to erode our civil liberties.   Have our civil liberties really been abused or have they been slightly altered by the Patriot Act to protect all Americans best interests?   To fully protect Americans from future terrorist attacks monitoring, the Foreign Terrorist Tracking Task Force, and the Patriot Act have been essential components. Many complain the war on terrorism has invaded their right to privacy.   People are worried their phone conversations and internet use are being monitored.   The truth is only those suspected of terrorists acts are being closely monitored by the government.   The fact is we need military tribunals, detention programs, monitoring of internet and phone activity and attorney-client conversations to protect all Americans from future terrorists attack (Ashcroft).   Any person being monitored by the government is told before hand.   For example; an inmate who's attorney-client conversation is being closely monitored know they are being overheard and can only be prosecuted for information pertaining to terrorism or future terrorist attacks.   According to John Ashcroft monitoring conversations is one of the many steps needed to fight terrorism. Immigrants fear deportation from the United States and feel their rights have been violated since 9/11.   Our government has instilled this fear by passing the Patriot Act.   "The Patriot Act flowed from a draft bill circulated by the Department of Justice in the wake of the 9/11 terrorist attacks" (Byr... ...e Senate Judiciary Committee.   He said to scare the American people into losing their liberties only aids the terrorists, "for they erode our national unity and diminish our resolve† (Davies). Works Cited * Ashcroft, John. "The War on Terrorism Has Not Eroded Civil Liberties."  Ã‚   Civil Liberties: Opposing Viewpoints.   Ed. Auriana Ojeda.   New York: Greenhaven Press, 2004. * Byrd, Robert C.   Losing America.   pgs: 45-49   New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2004.   * Davies, Frank.   "Civil Liberties: Ashcroft Defends U.S. antiterror tactics."   Detroit Free Press.   7 December 2001.   6 November 2004.   <http://www.freep.com/news/nw/ash7_20011207.htm>. * Hannity, Sean.   Let Freedom Ring.   pg: 133   New York: Regan Books, 2002.   * Hendrickson, David C., and Robert W. Tucker.   "The Sources of American Legitimacy."   Foreign Affairs.   New York: 2004.  

The Racial Debate of Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Es

The Racial Debate of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, throughout the years, has provoked many debates pertaining to racism. A variety of individuals believe that Mark Twain expressed apparently racist ideas. The reason being, this novel shows the relationships between blacks and whites in the nineteenth century and all the ugliness that accompanied these associations. However, this novel is not a racist novel; it shows these situations not to promote racism, but to bring a better understanding of the subject and how one can overcome individual prejudices and grow from these experiences.   This novel shows Huck Finn, a product of this insufferable society, coming to the realization of how uncivilized and ignorant his white peers have become.   By showing these situations and the transformations Huck goes through, the reader sees racism and its effects in real life settings.   It is imperative for the reader to recognize the ideas and repulsiveness of the South at that time in history; and Twain with his writing of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn attempts to challenge these ideas throughout the novel. Twain shows the irony and hypocrisy of treating people as property through Huck's eyes, and uses Huck to educate us in the immorality of this practice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For many of Twain's critics, this novel is racism with a face on it and for the most obvious reason; the word "nigger" is used throughout.   But seeing the novel takes place in the Deep South about twenty years before the Civil War, it would be highly unusual if they didn't use this word. James M. Cox wrote, The language is neither imprisoned in a frame nor distorted into a caricature; rather, it becom... ...laude M Simpson. Englewood Cliffs,N.J. 1968. Fishkin, Shelley Fisher, Phd. "Teaching Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finn", 1995, July Summer Teachers Institute, Hartford, Connecticut @1995 http://www.pbs.org/wgbn/cultureshorck/teachers/huck/essay.html Leavis, F.R. "Introduction to Pudd'nhead Wilson". (London: Chatto and   Windus, Ltd., 1955) Rpt. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Ed. Claude M Simpson. Englewood Cliffs,N.J. 1968. Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. Zwick, Jim. "Civil Rights or Book Banning? Three New Approaches to Huckleberry Finn" http://www.boondocksnet.com/twainwww/essays/civil_rights9809.html Hentoff, Nat. "Expelling Huck Finn". Jewish World Review   29 Nov. 1999. www.Jewishworldreview.com/cols/hentoff/12999.asp

English language

II. In his 1946 essay, Politics and Language, George Orwell addresses the stagnation and misuse of the modern English language. In particular, Orwell addresses but does not limit his discussion to the use of language in the political spectrum. Increasingly, Orwell attempts to demonstrate, written language has become unnecessarily complicated and many times insensible. In describing particular offenses such as â€Å"dying metaphors,† â€Å"operators or verbal false limbs,† â€Å"pretentious diction,† and â€Å"meaningless words† Orwell shows how the meaning of ideas and the language itself is sometimes lost in the over-the-top prose of the writer.Orwell calls for a simpler turn to language, which doesn’t seek to necessarily eliminate particular turns of phrase or vocabulary but rather increases the precision of the words and to this extent the ideas. Instead of losing their ideas in convoluted sentences that say little and mean even less, Orwell call s on writers and politicians to express themselves with clarity and a familiarity with the language they choose to employ. III. Orwell addresses the misuse and overuse of language in political and general writing.He shows how writing or speaking in a manner that is seeks more to impress than express, modern writing increasing lacks imagination and coherence with the message frequently being lost in the words rather than being expressed by them. 2. Orwell’s conclusion is not to eliminate the language that is misused but instead to educate the writer in the misuse and to promote clarity in writing. 3. Orwell’s reasoning behind both his argument and his conclusion appear to be a love of language.While he admonishes overused metaphors, he presents several of his own throughout the text. He is not asking for perfect writing but rather an appreciation and an understanding of language and the ideas it is used to express. 4. N/A 5. N/A 6. Orwell presents several fallacies in h is argument, chief among them being the generalization of the five examples he presents at the beginning of the essay as indicative of modern writing. Also present is a faulty causal argument that connects the insincerity of politics and ideas with this kind of writing.However, it’s important to note that while simplifies this issue in this manner, Orwell also addresses these fallacies within his argument. He makes it clear that by dramatizing the prevalence of this type of language, he is simply attempting to better employ language to clearly express his ideas. 7. Orwell’s argument is largely based upon personal observation. There is the distinct feeling that while Orwell has support in this idea, especially when he notes the popular distaste among journalist for worn-out and uninspired metaphors.However, Orwell’s own observations of the over-done quality of academic and political writing. 8. Arguments could be made against Orwell’s claims on language, p articularly in his attacks on literary/art criticism or political literature. Literary and art critics coming from a particular school of thought could make the argument that in addressing their topics they must seek a new language to express their distinct interpretations. Politicians would make an argument against Orwell’s claims to their insincerity which they attempt to cover with language a lack of ideals or actual stance.N/A 10. There is much information omitted from Orwell’s argument, especially the writers who have not fallen to abusing and misusing language. However, as with the fallacies of his argument, Orwell is clear in noting that he is not speaking of all but rather drawing attention through a handful of examples to a growing trend. 11. Overall, Orwell presents a strong though admittedly biased argument. That it is Orwell himself who admits to this bias, illustrates the presence of his own ideals of clarity as beauty in language as a basis for the essay. My value assumption allows that there is a major basis of truth in Orwell’s argument and that the commonality of the types of language he rails against are as prevalent now as it was in 1946. 13. While the personal edge to Orwell’s argument could be seen as a drawback, I believe it instead highlights the very personal nature of language and how it is meant to express rather than suppress ideas. In his essay, Orwell is advocating for this expression and a strengthening of language through proper use and clear understanding. 14. Orwell’s essay remains as valuable today as it was in 1946.He could not have predicted and would likely be disheartened that despite his call to lingual arms that society and politicians continue to use â€Å"dying metaphors,† â€Å"operators or verbal false limbs,† â€Å"pretentious diction,† and â€Å"meaningless words. † However, his lessons of clear, simplistically beautiful prose is as needed to today as it was 60 years ago. Politicians and regular people alike still hide behind overblown and misunderstood language, failing to understand their own words and creating ignorance as the rest of the world struggle to understand as well.

Holiday Decision Making Trends Essay

Introduction Consumer/client behavior is the analysis of the intellectual processes and perceived tendencies that are observed during the search, use and sale of an object, service and product. The need to study consumer tendencies and analysis of what is important and necessary for the zenith of the marketing tactic is very much needed. The client decision process is a sequence of stages of practices that a consumer/client undertakes when deciding to buy any object, product, software or service. Any client/consumer who takes a decision follows a five pronged approach to buying any product. This is the conventional decision process that is traditional. It is very important that the market representative study and master the decision process of consumers. There are various steps that are taken for deciding on the product. The marketer needs to be successfully sell the market by understand this process. There are five critical parts of the conventional decision process that are: Recognition of need, searching for information, Searching and testing the alternatives, Buying and Post evaluation of the process. The first stage is the recognition of need. When a client/consumer knows a special requirement that has not been addressed, that requirement will need to be met. There are two separate types of requirement identification system that clients/consumers usually apply. The first type of consumer is the one who decides to purchase a product only when the existing product does not live up to his or her expectations. There are aptly called the actual aspect clients. The second group of clients/consumers is the ones who need product out of want, not necessity. They are known as the desire aspect clients. This desire for them to have a –product actually fuels their decision making process. This type of consumer is very easy to convince during the marketing stage because there is an underlying desire that needs to be satisfied  (Hawkin et. al, 2003, pp. 71-99). Discussion Identification The second stage is the information search stage. In this stage, the client or consumer has seen a product that may possibly suit his or her needs. There are now two search modes that can apply here: the inside search and the outside search (Robinson, 2008, pp. 22-224). An Inside search refers to the process where a consumer/client remembers all the past experiences regarding that need which he or she is trying to address. These past experiences are the foundation on which the decision process will be based. An outside search refers to the case where the client/consumer uses the environment around him or her as a reference point for making the decision. This may be the case where the person does not have sufficient knowledge or experience in the problem that needs to be addressed. Many buying decisions are conducted using a combined inside and outside search option. It is common for a client/consumer to undertake extensive research in those products that are expensive or which provide a very sensitive or high risk service. There will obviously be less research for those products that are more affordable and feasible in the purpose they serve. The searching mechanism for buying cosmetic products would obviously be different compared to buying a house. In the alternatives evaluation stage, the client/consumer has made a small list of the objects or services that cater to his or her specific need. Now the person will take into consideration the alternatives that are available for meeting their needs. The parameters for alternatives usually include brand, cost, quality and durability. These alternatives are compared with the already selected list of products (Robinson, 2008, pp. 22-224). The products that are viable are termed as the Evoked group. The inept group is those set of products which did not effectively address the need of the consumer and was subsequently termed undesirable. The inert group of products is the brands that the consumer is indecisive about. This means that the products in this group may or may not be of particular interest to the client/consumer. Sequelae In the next stage the consumer finally buys the product. He or she does this after isolating the requirement, carrying out a search and trying out the different options. Consumers are usually found to carry out their purchase in three different ways: trail buy, repetitive buying and lifelong commitment buying (Michael, 2004, pp.234-237). The trail buying is the purchase which a consumer does in order to test runs the product. The second one is the repetitive purchase which is based on a consumer trusting a particular product and brand and thereby purchases it continuously. Lifelong commitment is the purchase a customer makes in spite of a price hike or perceived reduction in volume, as the consumer is now a lifelong patron of that particular product. The final stage is the post-sale stage where the person has now bought the product and is contemplating whether the product had effectively addressed the needs of the person or not. Where the product meets the requirements of the consumer, there is satisfaction. However in the case that the product does not meet the client’ need, there is internal frustration on the part of the client who is now wondering if the product is the fault or the decision skills of the client. Holiday decisions are based on various factors. After analysis of various households and families, it was clear that Holiday decisions followed a precise rudimentary process that was slightly different from conventional decisions. The first thing that was observed was that administrative needs are of utmost importance. The time, day and period of the holiday is all part of the administrative phase. The next step was that there is no cyclic process in deciding for a holiday (Robinson, 2008, pp. 22-224). The need for a holiday arises not as a matter of fact, but out of personal preferences, situational positions, level of commitment, level of responsibility, familiar commitments and other such parameters. The traditional decision is usually taken in a very routine fashion with a clearly defined sequence. This sequence consists of the recognition, search, evaluate, buy and reevaluate stages. This is what conventional decision making is all about. It follows a logical flow of ideas. The conventional decision is taken only if a need arises. It does not depend on any other factor, However Holidays are decided upon based not on a need but on a preference. This preference can be superficial or preventive in nature. It is not a necessity but a possibility. Therefore holidays spur out from a need to relax and unwind. There is no direct need that has to be  met. The holiday decision making process is always subjective in nature. It cannot be objectified (Hawkin et. al, 2003, pp. 71-99). Moreover, the knowledge search inside holiday judgments is found to be more internal or memory based, as compared to external or even stimulus primarily based. However, every piece of information collected just weren’t always used (Michael, 2004, pp.234-237). The holiday choice makers had been also found to be low details searchers. Info accumulated normally in a neo purposive method and they grow to be really important during the last days ahead of a reserving is made. You will find there’s shift observed from internal to outer source of details and from general for you to more certain information completely. Hence in holiday selection, information research information series is not a primary predictor involving actual choices but helps with strongly mentioning the choices of a consumer. Whereas, inside traditional client decision making the knowledge search is mainly internal concentrated (like past experience) for merchandise with safe and products which are less expensive, external (like person reference) with regard to products individuals involve high risk and are high-priced. The higher the consideration of your experience, the more reduced the outside search can be done. Information is considered essential and the info gathered turns into the power in the decision making of a consumer. The kind of transfer from common to specific data hunt just isn’t quite significant in traditional consumer judgments. In traditional consumer making decisions, the search commences as internal and then proceeds to external and then a combination of both (Michael, 2004, pp.234-237). It is also observed which unlike holiday decision making, conventional consumer decision making consumers are keen information individuals and conducts a thorough research before deciding on a particular item. And finally, inside traditional customer decision making, details collection powerful points the particular preferences of consumer, and in addition is a vital forecaster of the actual determination that the customer tends to take. When it came to your evaluation associated with alternatives in the event of holiday decision making, the study carried out brought to light which holiday selection was an ongoing circular process that began using the making of your decision (Robinson, 2008, pp. 22-224). Ideally, as one holiday ended, Christmas decision manufacturers involved themselves in making the following plan. It  absolutely was also noticed that the determination makers involved themselves to produce a number of plans at the same time. So does the examination of alternate options. As they continuously keep attaining information they have an inclination to keep changing their preference for choices. And each in the plans the holiday maker made comprised of various time capabilities, different formulas and different varieties of decision making processes (Lars, 1999, pp. 140-157). Another instance in the case highlighted the fact that vacation decision making had been mostly found to be adaptable and opportunistic. In these cases holiday decision producers, though got willingness to venture to a particular place for a holiday, we were holding found to be planning only when the opportunity struck. For this reason, adaptability along with opportunity were found to be both major criteria on what a holiday selection maker is discovered to analyzing and picking out the option of a holiday destination. Furthermore, these techniques were found to get aligned using situation and the type of judgments unit through which they were required. So even though evaluating the alternative, the alternative which is more favorable to evolve and to which there was a new prevailing opportunity was given far more importance than the usual on Elizabeth which wasn’t beneficial and for that there was no opportunity (Robinson, 2008, pp. 22-224). Altogether, it was found that although evaluating options and making decisions, adaptability and the decision making system to which a trip decision manufacturer belonged influenced for you to situations and decision making unit to which they will belong. If this came to examination, preferences ended up more presented to experience dependent techniques as compared to pre-planned ones. Several holiday makers didn’t make use of any effectively defined techniques while producing their selections. Needs and desires have been directly connected to ch oice options because they are evoked at the same time. Finally, they like simple determination rules even though they are not correct. Alongside, tourists decision strategies were seen as factors like constrained amount of control, selective processing, qualitative reasoning, feature based neo compensatory regulations and a don’t have for the analysis of each option (Hawkin et. al, 2003, pp. 71-99). In comparison to this, in the classic consumer making decisions model the individual evaluates goods based on brand names and criteria. Unlike in holiday judgments, in conventional  consumer judgments consumers adhere to a method whereby initially, the evoked set will be generated depending on the list of makes from which that they plan to help make their selection following which in turn criteria will be used to evaluate each and every brand separately. Based on the standing of criteria, a final product choice is made (Michael, 2004, pp.234-237). Evaluation of options is not a continuing process and it’s also done only when a particular method is recognized to be catering to a specific need/problem identified. Hence traditional client decision making is not in any manner not adaptable neither opportunistic rather their completely need/desire driven. Also before planned choices were the one that was given a lot more importance if this came to analysis. Strategies are generally clearly produced based on ranking of top features of a particular merchandise of a brand name. In standard consumer decision making, evaluation regarding alternatives is characterized by the information of the brand, info gathered as well as the preference associated with criteria evaluated for each and every brand/product of the evoked set (Robinson, 2008, pp. 22-224). When inspecting the purchase point of the getaway decision making, it absolutely was found that the final decision making was developed by consumers in the last minutes. This was generally done to reduce the risk involved, expectancy, availability, loyalty along with personality. It is also found in the case that the purchase of the holiday decision making is conducted instantaneously based on momentary feelings and inner thoughts. Emotional aspects in fact ended up identified to be a major issue based on that this holiday choices were made. Buying is also completed instantly as the holiday determination makers tend to be consumers whose choices are produced suddenly for sudden satisfaction. This shows the fact that successful choice mode is more related than classic information processing mode throughout Holiday judgments model that will in itself is really a highly experiential product or service. Most of the vacation decision manufacturers tend to be optimistic and idealistic inside the starting nevertheless they become practical only with time and ultimate purchase is manufactured only the final moment. The reason for this craze of move was recognized to be the aim intervention as well as subjective perception of contextual factors (Michael, 2004, pp.234-237). Even so contextual factors like occupation, family, and scenario are 1st considered  just before contextual inhibitors like period, money as well as budget. The sense of mental dissonance can be thoroughly noticed in situation of holiday decision making. Due to this experience of mental dissonance that is a post purchase concern it was seen that the informants concerned themselves within gathering details during after the holiday expertise altogether. Your informants in many cases were found to be encountering cognitive dissonance which usually continuously strived to reduce (Lars, 1999, pp. 140-157). Conclusions In the traditional judgments model, type of feel-learn-do is witnessed to be essential whereas the feel-learn-do and feel-do-learn series appear more essential in the holiday decision making. Up against the holiday selection, in traditional consumer making decisions the consumer plans sequentially before making purchasing (Schiffman, 2008, pp. 71-99). They locate a need, carry out information lookup, evaluate your options and make a decision to purchase the chosen merchandise. Unlike in vacation decision making, within traditional customer decision making an effective are seen to be positive, idealistic and sensible right from the need recognition period till this particular stage involving purchase. Furthermore, in case of classic consumer judgments, the article purchase mental dissonance experienced by a person was found to become directly proportional for the risk as well as value associated with the product (Michael, 2004, pp.234-237). Based on the comparative research made it could be evidently described that holiday decision making techniques evidently differs from the traditional customer decision making. From the comfort of the beginning period of will need recognition until the stage regarding post-purchase evaluation phase the differences are evident along with noticeable. Getaway decision making is especially based on opportunities, adaptability and also emotions to some very large magnitude. Unlike conventional consumer making decisions holiday judgments is found to be blend of many procedures (Lars, 1999, pp. 140-157). Hence totally holiday making decisions, is recognized to be a rational process and holiday selection processes and considered to be very important as they may be vital throughout achieving greater order objectives. References Peter Robinson. (2008). Holiday decision making: the family perspective. Available: http://www.insights.org.uk/articleitem.aspx?title=Holiday+Decision+Making:+The+Family+Perspective. pp. 22-24 Michael Richarme. (2004). Consumer Decision Making Models, Strategies and Theories. Available: http://www.decisionanalyst.com/publ_art/decisionmaking.dai. pp. 234-237 Lars Perner PhD . (1999). Consumer Behaviour: Psychology Of Marketing. Available: http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/. pp.140-157 Hawkins, Delbert, Best, Roger, Coney, Kenneth (2003). Consumer Behaviour: Building Marketing Strategy. London: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. pp. 71-99. Leon G.Schiffman, Leslie Lazar Kanuk, Havard Hansen (2008). Consumer Behaviour. England: Pearson Education Limited. pp. 75-91.