Wednesday, January 29, 2020
The Tide Rises and the Tide Falls Essay Example for Free
The Tide Rises and the Tide Falls Essay The Tide Rises and The Tide Falls is a poem that is filled with symbolism. I think the tide represents the everyday life of people, which is continuously being repeated over and over. Also, the calling of sea in the darkness symbolizes the upcoming death. The authors tone in this poem is very clear and not emotional, although the overall atmosphere is very sad and lonely. This poem uses mood to show that death in inevitable and it comes to everyone. The author also wishes to show that death is just another part of life and nature. The poem talks about a traveler who walks down the beach towards town but he will never walk on the shore again and the tide washes away his footprints. When the author writes The day returns, but nevermore returns the traveler to the shore, and the tide rises and the tide falls he conveys that the traveler has died but the sun still rises and the tide still goes in and out. The mood of the poem is accepting and calm. Longfellow is accepting that he, along with everyone else, will die and that its just a part of nature. The theme of The Tide Rises and The Tide Falls is that life continues even though we go through many traumatic events. In the last stanza, the traveler does not come back like before, the tide is still rising and falling just like before. It is continuing the action just like yesterday, the day before yesterday, and it will repeat in the future. Although people feel like they are going to die or not able to live like before, but when time passes, they live like they never experienced those painful emotions. I think this poem and this theme is sad because erasing from the memory is sad, even if the erased memory is about a painful thing. In the poem, time passes by as the tide rises and falls. Eventually, the sky gets dark and a traveler goes to town. Darkness comes, the sea washes away the travelers footprints in the sand. The morning comes, and the traveler does not go back to the shore. The daily life of the sea continues even though the traveler will not be returning. The tide is probably showing that life continues as normal even though the traveler is not there; the tide is not going to stop just because someone isnt there. The traveler could possibly represent the life of a person. Although we may leave footprints, over time they are washed
Tuesday, January 21, 2020
Equity Feminism for the Next Generation :: Feminism Feminist
Still Enduring: Equity Feminism for the Next Generation Webster defines feminism as both "the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes" and "organized activity on the behalf of women's rights and interests" (Webster 418). Equality of the sexes (in terms of rights) and the furthering of women's rights are seemingly positive aspirations; yet people tend to describe feminism using negative terms, and feminism today has acquired a bad reputation. "Radical" and "extremists" are adjectives commonly applied to feminism as a whole, when, in truth, feminists who adopt extreme positions constitute the minority. Moreover, these "gender feminists," or "militant feminists," as many call them, although they receive the most public attention because of their aggressive tactics and high visibility, alienate people in broadcasting their views. Their goal, to create a "sentimental priesthood" that will achieve collective power and retribution as oppressed "victims" of a white-male supremacy, seems unreasonable (Himmelfarb 20). In contrast, "equity feminists," or "academic feminists," embrace the basic principles of feminism. They celebrate women's achievements, work for the individual rights of all women, and, as Christina Hoff Sommers aptly says, "want for women what they want for everyone, equal protection under the law" (Himmelfarb 20). Though not all feminists agree on how to reach this goal, most argue for a reasonable, realistic, and positive method. By contrasting the differing feminist ideas of writers like Adrienne Rich, Gertrude Himmelfarb, and Camille Paglia, one defines a winning brand of feminism: a philosophy founded on equity feminist ideology and dedicated to the achievement of social, political, economic, and intellectual reform. David Thomas and Camille Paglia, two contemporary cultural critics concerned with gender issues, share the belief that men and boys have aggressive tendencies that women must learn to understand and live with. Thomas, in his essay "The Mind of Man," asserts that women should accept boys' nature: "Boys are not on the whole, docile creatures who wish to live in harmony with one another, but are, instead, highly competitive, physically energetic creatures who hunt in packs" (341). Paglia shares this view: "There are some things we cannot change...hunt, pursuit, and capture are biologically programmed into male sexuality. Generation after generation, men must be educated, refined, and ethically persuaded away from their tendency toward brutishness" (50-51). Because Paglia believes that man's nature is inherently aggressive and poses a danger to women, she maintains that feminism of the academic type gives women a false sense of equality and ease.
Monday, January 13, 2020
History of Art Music Essay
The change of phase from Baroque to Classical occurred in Europe between 1600 and 1750 had significantly affected music ideologies and expressions. During the Baroque period where counterparts and highly melodic structures of polyphonic sounds are employed, the classical period, on the other hand, utilized the effects of instrumental and solo-work in certain musical instruments especially on the piano and other keyboard instruments.            The clavichords and harpsichords, which precede the pianoforte and the modern pianos today, have made a significant impact on the quality and type of music produced during and between their inventions. These inventions and their further utilization were realized during the Baroque to Classical periods. For instance, the clavichord that was usually played alone in gatherings had been largely replaced by a harpsichord, which sounds like much similar to our modern pianoâ€â€these instruments were essentially key players in genres and music prototypes in those eras. ROLES OF KEYBOARDISTS During the baroque period two genres emerged: sonata de chiesa (church sonata) and sonata de camera (chamber sonata). Since sonatas are usually accompanied by any string instrument such as viol ( a predecessor of violin), or cello, other keyboard instruments such as harpsichords can be seen in certain chambers. Thus, solo players or part players, as mentioned earlier can be variably noticed in musical audiences. The basso continuo, where the melody is commonly accompanied by varied harmonies, was perfected. This is when; harpsichordists came into play, usually to improvise such harmonies and melodies. Yet, the roles of keyboardists were secondary than primary. Cellos, viols, violins or more frequently the lute or flure were the accompanying instruments in this basso continuos. Chamber music is not the predominant work field of the keyboard. Unlike in church music where, organ, as the major instrument, played significant parts in masses, services and the church music itself; harpsichords were not usually used. As seen in the illustration below the common melody employed was realized higher notes or other forms rather than keyboard pieces. Perhaps, the non-use of this instrument in many basso continuous can be attributed to the thick texture and complex sound of other keyboards such as the organ. The Harpsichords and Clavichords are also somewhat polyphonic in effect with the sounds of strings on its mechanisms. Below is the sample where, a flute was used in a composition, Badinerie Suite no. 2 typifies this. The dawn of chordophones such as clavichords and harpsichord forced the early keyboardists to play using the available sounds and dynamics that early chordophones provide. The early harpsichordists or clavichordists usually lack the intensity in dynamics since, the pedals and the strings were almost heavy and no effect on dynamic structure can be totally and artistically achieved. Thus, playing the harpsichord or clavichord became a solo-piece performance (it was even considered house furniture), usually in homes of the elite rather than including the instrument in large ensembles (Burrows, 2006).            The pianoforte, the father of the modern piano, had changed the way keyboard is played. The piano was used in ensembles that coordinate with the total harmony and polyphonic strength of the ensemble. While, pianoforte pieces were supported by strings to achieve the artistic expressions of a certain period, the keyboardists during the baroque era had not explored much on the variety and musical potentials of the piano.            The pipe organs, much popularly used in chapels and cathedrals were widely used but keyboardists using the organ, singly played the instrument. Consequently, the player usually employs himself in the church as organist than joining an ensemble. This made the organ almost a single instrument played than adjoining it in an orchestra. The reason for this is rather physical than musical. Organs, especially the pipe organs are attached to large balconies of churches than other handy instruments in an orchestra. The bulk structure cannot be of use to courts where symphonies were usually arranged. On the textural aspect, organs are somewhat polyphonically sounding with trains of sounds verging simultaneously; thus if included in an orchestra it will greatly affect the harmony and cadence in an orchestra play. It can be very much assumed that keyboard players assume the role of a single player than a team player musician in an ensemble.  One major and leading keyboardists and vocal master is Johann Sebastian Bach. His operas and organ work largely determined the success of keyboard playing. Later, his works on the organ for instance â€Å"Toccata in F, from BWW 540†is one great example of recitative expression of a single instrumentâ€â€that in organ. This work exemplifies that during his periodâ€â€the baroque, where he flourished, the use of single-man keyboard playing was a typical role. In fact in compositions in early baroque, employed only parts for keyboards in sonatas, especially those of Scarletti. However, the latter employed much of strings than keyboards. The keyboardist in the baroque period usually plays as a part-player or a contributor to achieve the musical piece requirement such as solos in ornate baroque orchestral compositions. But since, baroque music typifies the grand structures even in melodies, the assumption of keyboardists are largely in parts than seen doing solos. During the middle of the baroque period, operas were in its foundational stage, and in ensembles, keyboards played secondary roles to the grand operas being established that time. Thus, this contributed to the less prominence in compositions and focus on keyboard instruments, much less to the keyboardists.            The use of keyboards in more symbolic and serious music was not contemplated; in fact, harpsichords were used in dances during its invention. Francois Couperin is one of those leading keyboardists who effusively experimented keyboards in his compositions, â€Å"Ordres†. This has become the structural base of certain French dances, commonly played in German and English settings. CHANGES IN KEYBOARDS: PIANOS Cristoforis and harpsichords are the early versions of keyboards. While many keyboards exist during the baroque period, chordophones such as pianos, were the only significant instruments that had gained certain prominence. Fortepianos, a prototype of the modern piano today had not made any significant contribution to the world of keyboard playing, since it was immediately replaced by a more complex sounding-machineâ€â€the modern piano. Modern pianos were only invented during the early mid-baroque periods, thus compositions for the single piano and pianos with orchestras are usually not common. The early musicians such as Handel, for instance, never really explored keyboards because during his time pianos and other forms of keyboards were not the main instrument in musical scenarios. Instead, classical and dramatic polyphonic structures of vocal prowess were extensively used to maximize the tonal harmony and musicality. Notice that, while the keys are almost the same, musical effe cts are different. Clavichords in many respects are totally different in mechanism, in comparison with the sound of harpsichords. And the latter, has a very distinctive sound than that of a modern piano. Carl Philippe Bach is one who used clavichord sufficiently, slightly deviating from his father Johann Sebastian Bach, who revolutionized the artistic and harmonic sensitivities of an organ. Francois Couperin, on the other hand, a great French musician and keyboardist influenced the use of harpsichords to the latter piano masters in integrating the playfulness of keyboard keys.            The great virtuosos such as Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven used in number of scores piano pieces to show their musical artistry. But only the modern piano, because of its complexity and ability to be bent on musical artistry and be confined in musical elements, received much recognition and acceptance. This later on leads to development and creation of various musical compositions exclusively for the piano. Chopin, Dvorak became household names for the use of virtuostic piano effects and melodies.            The early physical developments of keyboards have dampened, for some time, or even stunted the growth of texture and sustaining power of piano music during its early invention. As noticed, clavichords or harpsichords do not have many pedals on them to sustain sounds in longer time periods, as it is required. Thus, fewer sustaining effect on the melody can be heard from an early pianoforte, compared to the modern pianos nowadays. A notable comment was given by Charles Rosen: â€Å"Instrumental changes since the eighteenth century have made a problem out of the balance of sound in †¦ all chamber music with piano†¦.The piano, in turn, has become louder, richer, even mushier in sound, and, above all, less wiry and metallic. This change makes nonsense out of all those passages in eighteenth-century music where the violin and the piano play the same melody in thirds, with the violin below the piano. Both the piano and the violin are now louder, but the piano is less piercing, the violin more. Violinists today have to make an effort of self-sacrifice to allow the piano to sing out softly †¦ The thinner sound of the violin in Haydn’s day blended more easily with the metallic sonority of the contemporary piano and made it possible for each to accompany the other without strain.† (Rosen 1997, The Classical style, p. 353) ADAPTION OF COMPOSITIONS DURING THE CHANGES            Perhaps the greatest adaptation of musicians during the changes in keyboard structure and sound quality is the creation of solo work for keyboards. Sonatas were created that clearly emulsified the sound of singe instruments such as pianos. For instance, Haydn made numerous piano sonatas, total of sixty-two to exemplify the work on piano. However, earlier keyboard sonatas, particularly for the organ by Johann Kuhnau were created to give life to the single instruments. The changing physical features of the piano and other keyboard instruments had made the piano an isolated musical instrument. However, sonatas and concertos for the piano never end, Bach in Part II of the Well-Tempered Clavier (BWV 870-893), is one such example that though keyboards like organs were not part of chamber music, expressed that keyboard music can be complete in itself. Isolation of these instruments had been one of the solutions as form of adaptation to the physical changes.            The changes in sounds and quality had pushed several composers not to consider the keyboards in many of symphonies and compositions with orchestra. Concertos however were created also especially for organs, pianos, harpsichords to adopt and singly bring out the best music of such instruments without compromising the quality of the orchestra in general. The general temperaments in music and its complexities also greatly changed with the improvisations of sounds and experiments done by musical geniuses. Bach made several attempts to adapt the keyboard to the changing times of baroque to classical.            The diminishment of counterpoint and polyphonic structures as discussed was the central figure of baroque music which was partly decreased in use during the classical period, made also serious effects on keyboard music. The monodic forms, where keyboards are only accompaniments, placed the players on the background rather than the forefront of musical scene. While Gluck, Bach, Haydn and other late baroque composers have significantly made contributions to the prominence of the keyboard music such as harpsichords, clavichords, organs and pianos. Only the classical era made the first giant leap to put to pedestal keyboard instruments particularly the piano (Rosen, 2002). This can be attributed because during the baroque period, keyboards had not yet been perfected. Later, great masters such as Chopin, Dvorak, Lizst and Debussy of the Classical era elevated the piano and other keyboard instruments to the level of the elite harmonic quality, and explored the endless possibilities of this instrument. WORKS CITED and PICTURE CREDITS. Good, E. (1982) Girrafes, Black Cragons, and other Pianos: A Technoligical History from Cristofori to the Modern Grand. Stanford, CA. Standforn University Press Hanning, B.R. (2002) A Concise History of Western Music (2nd edition). New York: W.W. Norton & Co. Rosen, C. (1997) The Classical Style, 2nd ed. New York: Norton. Baroque Period. Wikipeda, Free Encyclopedia, from Wikipeda Online. Retrieved May 10, 2007 from Encarta Encyclopedia, 2006. J. S. Bach’s Badinerie Suite No. 2 (sample score). Encarta Encyclopedia, 2006. Clavichord photograph by H. Deutsch. Encarta Encyclopedia 2006. Harpsichord photograph by Encarta (photograph credits cited above) Wikipeda Free Encyclopedia. Photograph and outprint source of Well-Tempered Clavier, credits cited above. Encarta Encyclopedia, 2006. J. S. Bach’s Badinerie Suite No. 2 (sample score). Rosen, C. (2002) Beethoven’s Piano Sonatas: A Short Companion. New Haven: Yale University. Burrows. Baroque Music. Encarta Encyclopedia. USA: Encarta History of Music and Piano. Wikipeda Free Encycolpedia, from Wikipeda Online, retrieved May 10, 2007,website:< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_history_and_musical_performance†> Â
Sunday, January 5, 2020
Opportunities and Risks in Doing Business in Western Regions of China - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2208 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? 1. What do you think are the opportunities and risks in doing business in western regions of China? Are they any different from those in the east of China? Executive Summary The economic development in Eastern China has grown dramatically after the reforms, however, the vast potential has seen in Western China which cannot be overlooked. Thus, this paper will examine the differences in opportunities and risks for business in China comparing eastern region to western region. Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s emerging markets in second, third and fourth tier business centers, from Harbin in the north to Kunming in the south, from Qingdao in the east to Urumqi in the west, which are now growing faster than the traditional Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou markets. Foreign investment in Western China provide tremendous opportunities, as Chengdu and Chongqingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s favorable central China positions, and the integration of Yunnan and Guangxi into the Free Trade Agreement with ASEAN. Moreover, the western region of China which is now a new hotspot for multinational companies due to its lower land and labor costs, rich natural resources. Taking advantage of favorable government tax and investment incentives therefore makes great sense while these areas are still on the upward trend. Also, government implemented its Western Development Strategy (WDS) also known as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Go Westà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ policy in 2001. The lagging economic progress of the region prompted the Central Government to offer incentives for business development, including a much lower corporate income tax with 15% as opposed to the usual 25% for companies relocating. The plan also calls for massive infrastructure development both in urban and rural areas. However, hidden problems exist despite the economic development in the western regions. Introduction Since 1978 China has developed the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“open up policyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ to reform Chinese econo mic organization, its economy has been rapidly developing in the past reforming years, which enables it to own higher economical social status both regionally and internationally. Therefore, the Chinese economy has been rapidly increasing with an average 9.4 percent annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth, one of the highest growth rates in the world (Zheng, 2005). China has made a great change to its traditional closed market and showed the world its great potential in work force, economic independence and power of consumption. Moreover, internal migration and labor mobility in China are not only part of the transformation from a agricultural economy to an industrial as developing countries, but also part of a unique economic transition from a planned economy to a market economy. Also, China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001 to become competitive in the global market. As such they have been important factors in Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rapid economic growth durin g the reform era. However, it makes China faces the inequality problems from eastern and western regions. Because eastern region is more developing region whose economic development level is higher than western region, who owns larger competitive companies both nationally and internationally. So letà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s first examine the risks and opportunities of western region for business in detail, then it will compare those of eastern region. Opportunities in west -Go West policy Chinas Go West strategy, launched just before the countrys entry into the WTO in 2001, has been a milestone in the nations economic development. It officially called the Western Development Program, covers the municipality of Chongqing and the provinces of Gansu, Guizhou, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan and Yunnan and the autonomous regions of Guangxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Tibet and Xinjiang. The aim was to boost the poorer western parts of the country that had so far not enjoyed the economic b enefits of Chinas opening up to the outside world. Since then, some $325 billion has been invested in major infrastructure projects in the western region, one of the biggest economic regeneration programs of all time. It has not been about relocating export-oriented, low-cost manufacturing from Guangdong just for the cheaper labor. Much of the emphasis has been on bringing in new science and technology industries. For example, the Xian High-Tech Industries Development Zone (XHTZ) is one of six zones nationally that the Chinese government wants to turn into world-class science parks. It solved a problem of local talent drain, many people returning from urban areas, as youngers used to prefer to work in Beijing and Shanghai but now they want to work here. -Economic Development Policies for Western China opportunities Wsetern China is often mistakenly dismissed as desert and, therefore, not perceived as any kind of profitable market opportunity. However, Chinas western regions are now as a new growth engine for the countrys economy when eastern regions are experiencing industrial overcapacity and falling external demand. The GDP in Chinas western regions grew 10.7 percent year-on-year in the first three quarters of 2013, which is 1.6 percentage points higher than eastern regions. For instance, Lanzhou, capital of Gansu province as the role and responsibility of gateway of economic growth of the western, which is the first State-level new special economic development zone in the west to boost the development of Western China. Lanzhou locates in the favorable geographical center of northwest China, makes it the key regional transport hub for the entire region, allowing areas further west to maintain railroad connections to the eastern half of the country with a dramatic reduction in transport costs, which added further attraction as an investment center. Narrowed economic gap Since 2004, the economic gap between Chinas east and west has narrowed due to the central governments supportive policy according to Tsinghua University report. The report showed that since 1990, the coefficient of difference or gap between Chinas east and west per capita GDP fell from 0.75 in 2004 to 0.6 in 2008. Since the global economic crisis, China has directed a large portion of its stimulus package to the western region in an effort to improve peoples livelihood as well as to boost and support infrastructure construction, the ecological environment, industrial promotion, technological innovation and post-quake reconstruction there. Risk in west Intraregional Disparities In recent years an exciting performance of Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic development is that Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interregional disparities has put up a declining trend. But unfortunately, Western Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s intraregional disparities have enlarged significantly after WDS. Because western China includes 12 provinces and regions where there exist eno rmous natural, geographical and economic differences as well as comparative advantages, so uniform development strategy to western regions was ineffective within the regions. In 2009, Western Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rural population still accounted for over 30% of the nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s total rural population and over 60% of the total population in Western China. While incomes from wages, salaries and properties in Western China are very low. Moreover, 60% of Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rural poverty population is located in Western China, and poverty incidence rate and poverty intensity are also much higher than those in other regions (RSD, 2010). -Human capital shortage and brain drain Central governments made great efforts on education and personnel training in recent year. Due to disadvantages of income level, working and living environments, so that most of high level professionals tend to work in eastern coastal regions rather than western ones. For example, more than 90 percent of college and university graduates in Western China prefer to obtain employment in eastern regions. Thus, rural labor force drain in Western China is seriously, the western regions of China needed more people with better skills. Since late 1980s, huge number of peasants began to leave their home and work in cities. More importantly, most of outgoing rural migrant workers are young and relatively better-educated, while the remaining ones are mainly old and poorly educated people. It will definitely cause negative impacts on Western Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rural economy, especially agriculture development. -Backward Technology and Innovation Capability Technology progress is the source of long-term economic growth, it can not only improve factor productivity but also contribute to optimizing industrial structure. Generally, regions with higher technical level indicate higher economic development level. The problem is that both technology and economic develo pment level of Western China are very low. Also, inefficient resource development and lower innovation capabilities resulted in serious resources waste and environmental damage due to backward technology. Therefore, It is ineffective to promoting technology progress and eventually cannot be benefitting industrial structure upgrading. -Patterns for Infrastructure Construction The first problem is the allocation of benefits. Following the current construction pattern, most of social and economic benefits created by infrastructure construction flow out rather than localize in western regions. The second one is the inadequate and backward public infrastructure, especially in the fields of education, transportation, health care service and social security. The last is that infrastructure construction excessively depends on state funds and bonds, while private investment in infrastructures has not yet been widely utilized. Opportunities in east -Market Opportunities As Chin a is still a developing country with significant economic divisions between urban and rural areas, even China has been developing western regions, but we cannot neglect the rapid economic growth in the eastern urban areas, which has led to a booming consumer market for high-end goods and services, including tourism and education. China will account for about 20 percent of global luxury goods consumption by 2015, or US$27 billion. By 2020, Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s middle class is expected to account for around 45 percent of the population, or approximately 700 million people. -Income Since 1990, income disparities and the gap in development between the eastern and western regions of China have widened. As a result, in 2004, Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Guangdong accounted for 82.7 percent of the value of Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s exports and 45.2 percent of all jobs in manufacturing. Also, in 2011, the per-capita disposable income of urban re sidents was US$3,454 and the per-capita disposable income of rural residents stood at US$1,105. -Labour migration Reform of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"hukouà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ system is essential for labor mobility and hence for urbanization and economic development. At the same time, markets became more important forces in allocating capital and labor. The coastal regions took the benefit as booming areas to attract massive flows of labor, which in turn has stimulated economic growth in these regions and improved the efficiency of labor allocation. Due to vast potential in eastern regions, the number of migrant workers remains high. In 2011, the urban population exceeded that residing in rural areas for the first time, with 691 million urbanites and 657 million rural dwellers. In the long run, ruralà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"urban migrants will be the main source of labor for industry in China, helping to maintain its low-cost advantage. Risk in east -Cost Increases Rising costs have been a concern in China for many years and become more seriously the increases may have outpaced company expectations of tolerable expense increases Conclusion In conclusion, even the long period development in eastern coastal regions, however, via the reforms in western regions, it can compete with eastern regions under the contemporary China. It is favorable for doing business either in Eastern China or Western China, as long as comparing and analyzing the different conditions among eastern and western. As China is now central to the world economy and is the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s biggest trading nation as measured by the sum of exports and imports. The country is expected to surpass the US to become the largest economy by 2028. The last three decades of economic reform has made China not only the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s factory, but also the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s largest market for numerous products. China has been the most rapidly growing economy in the world since t he reform in 1978. This growth has led to an improved dramatically in real living standards, expanded the scope of personal freedom, increased social mobility and to an unprecedented decline in poverty. The World Bank estimates that poverty headcount ratio had declined to 10% by 2004, indicating that about 500 million people have been lifted out of poverty in a generation. Nevertheless, the phenomenal rate of change has brought with it different kinds of stresses. China faces serious natural resource scarcity and environmental degradation. It has also seen growing disparities of different kinds as people in different parts of the country and with different characteristics have benefited from the growth at different rates in eastern and western regions. As such, a basic understanding and comparison of the opportunities and risks of Eastern and Western China, is imperative for anyone interested in doing business in the global market. Table of Contents Executive Summary Int roduction Opportunities in west à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Go Westà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ policy Economic Development Policies for Western China opportunities Narrowed economic gap Risk in west Intraregional Disparities Human capital shortage and brain drain Backward Technology and Innovation Capability Patterns for Infrastructure Construction Opportunities in east Market Opportunities Income Labour migration Risk in east Cost Increases Conclusion References Appendix References Research Team of Ministry of Agriculture (2001), A Study on Change of Rural Population and Tenure System Reform in China, Project Report, Beijing. Meng, X., Gregory R., and Wang, Y. (2005), Poverty, Inequality, and Growth in Urban China, 1986-2000, Journal of Comparative Economics, 33(4). Ravallion, M., Chen, S. (2007) Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s uneven progress against poverty, Journal of Development Economics, 82, pp1-42. Lin, J (2004) Regional inequality and labor transfers in China, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 52(3): 587-603. Cai, F. (2004) Migration, unemployment and urban labour market segregation in Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic transition, The World Economy, 4. Dollar, R. (2005) Investment Climate and Firm Performance in Developing Economies. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 54(1), pp1-31. Lardy, R. (2002) The Economic Future of China. Retrieved March 10,2014, online available at https://www.asiasociety.org/speeches/lardy.html Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Opportunities and Risks in Doing Business in Western Regions of China" essay for you Create order
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