Bhopal Gas Tragedy and Its Ethical Issues - 3035 Words

CASE STUDIES: BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY AND ITS ETHICAL ISSUES SUMMARY Bhopal Gas Tragedy was a gas leak incident in India, considered one of the world’s worst industrial catastrophes. It occurred on the night of the last year of 1984 at the Bhopal Union Carbide Corporation (Union Carbide India Limited – UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. A leak of methyl isocyanides gas and other chemicals from the plant resulted in the exposure of hundreds of thousands of people. It also causes environmental issues such as pollution of soil and water. The gas leak in India was caused by bad maintenance and failure of several safety systems to cut off the expenses. HISTORY Bhopal is a city in central India with population of 800,000†¦show more content†¦However, by the end of the first year, Mr. Anderson told Business Week, â€Å"I overreacted. Maybe they, early on, thought we’d give the store away. [Now] we’re in litigation mode. I’m not going to roll over and play dead.† Following the accident, Union Carbide’s stock fell 16 points and it became, in the go-go 80s, a takeover target. When GAF Corporation made an offer, Union Carbide incurred $3.3 billion in debt in order to buy 56 percent of its own stock to avert a takeover. Through 1992, Union Carbide remained in a defensive mode as it coped with litigation, takeover attempts, and the actions of the Indian government in seeking to charge officers, including Anderson, with crimes. U.S. lawyers brought suit in the United States against Union Carbide on behalf of hundreds of Bhopal victims, but the case was dismissed because the court lacked jurisdiction over the victims as well as the plant. Union Carbide did settle the case with the Indian government for a payment of $470 million. There were 592,635 claims filed by Bhopal victims. The victims received, on average, about $1,000 each. The ordinary payment from the Indian government, as when a government bus harms an individual, is $130 to $700, depending upon the level of the injury. Individual awards were based on earning capacity, so, for example, widows of the Bhopal accident received $7,000. TheShow MoreRelatedEssay about Bhopal Ethical Issues1307 Words   |  6 Pagesthe city of Bhopal, the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. It has been known as the worlds worst industrial disaster. A Union Carbide India, Limited (UCIL)s plant released 40 tonnes of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas which instantly killed over 3,000 people and carrying on causing the death of more than 20,000. This tragic event involved not only the technical, safety issues at the time, but also ethical issues on the responsibility of those who would have been able to prevent the tragedy from happeningRead MoreBhopal Ethical Issues1350 Words   |  6 Pagesthe city of Bhopal, the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. It has been known as the world s worst industrial disaster. A Union Carbide India, Limited (UCIL) s plant released 40 tonnes of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas which instantly killed over 3,000 people and carrying on causing the death of more than 20,000. This tragic event involved not only the technical, sa fety issues at the time, but also ethical issues on the responsibility of those who would have been able to prevent the tragedy from happeningRead MoreBhopal Ethics1316 Words   |  6 PagesThe Bhopal gas leak was a terrible tragedy in which thousands of helpless civilians were killed and hundreds of thousands were injured as they slept. Determining who was at fault and, consequently, who should compensate the victims and clean up the site are questions that have plagued the affected parties, my Rotman classmates and the world at large for over 25 years. The analysis to follow, in attempting to present the roles and responsibilities of each major player, will demonstrate the incredibleRead MoreCase Study Action Plan: Union Carbide Bhopal Accident2186 Words   |  9 PagesCase Study Action Plan: Union Carbide Bhopal accident Learning Team A: Michael Proffitt, Amanda Garrity, Sean Riedel, Cippy Seidler La Shonta Fuller University of Phoenix PHL 323/Ethics in Management History: Controversy Union Carbide In December of 1984 controversy surrounded Union Carbide, a chemical and polymer company founded in 1917, when the company had a poisonous gas leak from their pesticide plant in Bhopal, India. (Union Carbide Corporation, 2011) This incident killed thousandsRead MoreBhopal Gas Tragedy7928 Words   |  32 Pages[pic] TERM PAPER ON BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY : IS THE GOVERNMENT SLEEPING Submitted to :- Submitted by :- Lect.Vishwas chakranarayan Harpreet singh Roll no. A18 Section :- S1001 INDEX 1.Preface 2.Acknowledgement 3.Contents 4.IntroductionRead MoreBhopal Gas Disaster84210 Words   |  337 PagesExecutive Summary On December 3, 1984, toxic poisonous methyl isocyanate gas leaked from Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL s) pesticide plant in Bhopal. The gas leak triggered a disaster that is now widely recognized as the world worst industrial catastrophe. Thousands of people were killed instantly and more than 25,000 people have died of gas-related illnesses, several thousands more maimed for life since. Union Carbide negotiated a settlement with the Indian Government in 1989 for $470 millionRead MoreThe Bhopal Tragedy23347 Words   |  94 PagesEXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR THE BHOPAL TRAGEDY HISTORY AND BACKGROUND Bhopal is the capital city of Madhya Pradesh, the largest and one of the most economically depressed states in the nation. At 1970s, the public health infrastructure, sewage and waste system in Bhopal are still in very poor condition . Besides, mass casualty emergency response system also lacking in Bhopal. Union Carbide Corporation is one of the largest chemical and polymer companies in the united state. In 1984, Union Carbide operatedRead MoreBhopal Union Carbide Case analysis Essay1250 Words   |  5 Pages One of the worst cases of catastrophic event in history is the Bhopal Union Carbide case. Nearly three decades ago, the Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal India had a devastated tragedy. The toxic chemical and methyl isocyanate gas leak from the plant killed thousands of civilians who were sleeping and injured hundreds of thousands of people in the nearby neighborhood. For those who survived from this catastrophic incident had injuries ranging from blindness to suffering burns of the skinsRead MoreUnion Carbide s Chemical Plant981 Words   |  4 Pages After the tragic explosion in Bhopal, India, due to Union Carbide’s chemical plant, many citizens suffered tragedies such as death and severe injuries due to the toxic gas that was released upon the explosion. When citizens of Bhopal decided to sue against the Union Carbide Corporation, they combined all individual lawsuits against the plant together, as well as exercising their forum non conveniens, which handed the lawsuit to Indian courts. Moving the court case to India benefitted the companyRead MoreEssay on India: The Cause of the Bhopal Disaster2606 Words   |  11 PagesUnion Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, made the history witnessed the worst industrial disaster ever in the world. The Bhopal disaster (Bhopal Gas Tragedy) happened by gas leak incident occurred at the night time of 2-3 AM in December of 1984. The result of this gas leak caused risks for more than half million people by exposing them to chemicals hazards; one of these chemicals is methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas. Not only this, it caused an immediate deaths reached

Analysis Of Animal Farm, By George Orwell - 1235 Words

Animal Farm was written by George Orwell in 1945. The book reflects events leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917 and then on into the Stalinist era of the Soviet Union. Animal farm includes use of propaganda as well. A quote for example would be â€Å"some animals are equal but some are more equal than others.† I think that this book fits that quote very well as the author makes Napoleon along with Snowball are the leaders of the rebellion against Jones. A few questions that come to mind are, how does one define one animal being more equal than others? Why is a certain animal favored over the others? Why are there two leaders of the same animal and not two different ones? Why are two pigs picked as the leader? I feel that this book†¦show more content†¦This theme in Animal Farm can also be looked as people being equal, but some are more equal than others because sometimes that is how certain people see others. Just because they’re different they donâ₠¬â„¢t get the same treatment as others. My argument is for everyone and every animal being equal. The leaders Napoleon and Snowball do not take the role in treating the other animals equally. Boxer, the horse works harder than anyone else and is not treated as well as the other animals. He was not first in the rate of intelligence, but he was university respected for his steadiness of character, and tremendous power of work. These are great qualities for a horse, but as it turns out- not such great qualities for a revolutionary under Stalin’s government. He works harder for others but still is treated unequally. His self-motto is â€Å"I will work harder.† Comparing the animals to one another because they’re â€Å"different† is like comparing a black human being with a white human being. They may look different from everyone else but does that mean they should be voted out of doing something because of it? No it does not. I believe that everyone is the sa me no matter their race, religion, sexuality, anything about them that will put them out in a different group. Just because something is different about them doesn’t mean they should be excluded from doing certainShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of George Orwell And Animal Farm Essay2095 Words   |  9 PagesPittman HUM 314 13 December 2016 George Orwell and Animal Farm: The Provocative Written Word in Political Protest INTRODUCTION AND THESIS Many writers, artists, novelists, journalists, and the sort seek to bring awareness to political and cultural issues through their work. It is not often, though, that their work attains such critically acclaimed status and subsequently creates a platform by which people are moved to respond to the writing’s purpose. George Orwell, however, had a knack for thisRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Animal Farm By George Orwell1460 Words   |  6 PagesLiterary Analysis of Animal Farm A quote from Wayne Dyer, a late American author and motivational speaker, says that â€Å"[f]reedom means you are unobstructed in living your life as you choose. Anything less is a form of slavery.† This promotes the idea that ultimate freedom to control one’s life is the only way to live. One way to achieve this freedom, if not given, is to stage a revolution against authority. In Animal Farm, a novel by George Orwell, parallels are drawn between his characters and theRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Animal Farm By George Orwell1405 Words   |  6 PagesLiterary analysis of Animal Farm The rebellion was to escape from people and their cruel ways, but can they escape the death-grip of their own kind? The animals of animal farms are mistreated and have no rights. Mr and Mrs. Jones were the owners of Manor Farm, the human oppressors, and authoritarians of the animals. The animals rebel against the Jones and take over the farm. They create a utopian society for themselves, but the utopia quickly turns into a dystopia when the pigs take control ofRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Animal Farm By George Orwell1310 Words   |  6 PagesLiterary Analysis of Animal Farm Although they claimed the farm to be a utopia, the pigs secretly were deceiving their fellow animals and turning the farm into a dystopia. In George Orwell s Animal Farm all of the animals are mistreated by Farmer Jones, but they wish to be treated as equals and live in a utopia so they rebel and take over the farm. The animals first write commandments to avoid chaos, but the leader pigs selfishly modify the commandments in their favor. In the end, the farm is worseRead MoreAnalysis Of Animal Farm By George Orwell934 Words   |  4 PagesFiction Essay Period 7 17 Sept. 2014 Analyzing Animal Farm In Animal Farm, the author portrays the evil and backstabbing leaders and the oppressed victims themselves. There are many tales of traitorous deceit in the novel. The windmill was a treacherous plan from the start. All crafted by the manipulative brains of the pigs. And it wasn’t too hard to trick the gullible and loyal workforce either. When the ruler Napoleon starts trading with the neighboring farms the situation went all downhill. Blood isRead MoreAnalysis of George Orwell ´s Animal Farm1077 Words   |  5 Pages‘Animal Farm’ is considered as one of George Orwell’s most popular and enduring works. Utilizing the form of the animal fable the short novel chronicles the story of a group of barnyard animals that revolt against their human masters in an attempt to create an Utopian state. Orwell satires the rise and decline of socialism in the Soviet Union and the emergence of the totalitarian regime of Joseph Stalin. The key members of the Russian revolu tion are parodied as farmyard animals: Trotsky as snowballRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s Animal Farm 969 Words   |  4 PagesThe Downfall of Animalism in George Orwell’s Animal farm The innovative dream of Animalism was not only to have a farm successfully run by animals, but to maintain a high level of living while still following certain rules to make all animals equal. In the novel Animal Farm by George Orwell, the farm run solely by animals fails due to Napoleon’s unwillingness to follow the rules of Animalism that he himself created. The original goal of Animalism was for all animals to be successful by simply followingRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s Animal Farm 1433 Words   |  6 Pages Farmhouse or Powerhouse? The Kremlin is known as a synonym for government; however, could a farmhouse be a symbol of government too? Some cases, such as in Animal Farm, say that it could. In George Orwell’s novella Animal Farm, Orwell symbolizes the Manor Farm’s Farmhouse as Moscow’s Kremlin through its uses, residents, and events to show that leaders often elevate or separate themselves to maintain their power over their subjects. The KremlinRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s Animal Farm 1482 Words   |  6 Pagesindirect and direct characterization in many literature. Also in the book Animal Farm which was written by George Orwell who is a great writer and this book showed me a lot about when it came to direct and indirect characterization. We can find many indirect and direct characterization which would help us understand in depth what the author means and his purpose of writing this novel about animals who take over their farm. These characterizations can basically help you understand more and connectRead MoreAnimal Farm And 1984 George Orwell Analysis889 Words   |  4 PagesGeorge Orwell used the theme of betrayal to show how the society in both â€Å"Animal Farm† and â€Å"1984† controls the people. Both books have a totalitarian government controlling everyone but in 1984 the government has people betray each other to gain power. People do as they’re told and lose the rela tionships such as family, friends, or intimate relationships, all of which they would have in a normal society. The government does this so each individual becomes alienated from each other and feels like

Innovations in International Business †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Innovations in International Business. Answer: International Business Environment: Haier Analysis Multinational company can be broadly defined as any small or big company that engages in any kid of international trade (Cullen Parboteeah 2009). Emerging market multinational companies today are gaining top positions in the market. In 2003 the firms that occupied positions in top 2000 companies of the world were from countries like USA, Japan and Britain. But the recent list by Forbes witnesses the change in trend. Most of the companies in the list are from markets like China, Russia, Brazil and India. According to the data five of top ten companies are Chinese (Frynas Mellahi 2015). Haier is as example of successful Multinational Corporation from China. The Haier Group was founded in 1984 in China .Companys headquarters are in Qingdao, China. Current CEO and Chairman of the company is Zhang Ruimin. The company majorly deals in electronic home appliances. It is now worlds leading brand in white goods. Major products of the company include commercial heating and cooling systems, co nsumer electronics, small and big appliances. The companys international expansion began from Indonesia. It entered Indonesian markets in 1996. Today the company is spread in almost all the major markets of the world. Haier is committed to provide high standard product quality, technical specification and after sale customers for developing a good brand image in the overseas market. Haier adopted a strategy for international markets which was divided in three steps. These steps were going out, going in and going up. With its Global brand strategy the company is successful in more than 100 countries and regions across the world (Haier 2015). Strategy plays a vital role in for the success of any firm in international market. A well-developed strategy can bring success to organisation whereas a poorly formulated strategy can result into adverse impacts for the company. Haier had a well-developed strategy to enter international markets. Haier entered global markets not only to earn foreign exchange it entered to build a global brand image. The firm adopted the approach of taking on the more difficult ones first for the same it develop the three step strategy of going out, going in and going in. According to the strategy the firm initially focused on building a brand image by entering the market of developed countries like USA and Japan. Later it entered the markets of developing countries by taking the advantage of good brand image from developed countries market. The last was to become a market leader with highly innovative products. Haier was successful in achieving expansion to international markets very quickly because of its differentiated international acquisitions, cultural integration and mechanism innovation. Cultural integration is the most important aspect for being successful in the globalised market. Cultural integration can be understood as frictions created between different cultures. It affects organisation functioning and is a prerequisite for mutual trust and shared goals (Galpin Herndon 2014). Innovation is another key factor that is responsible for the current market standing of the company. According to Buckley (2012) the main reason responsible for growth of multinational organisation is the shift in structure. The focus is now shifted to technology based goods and more investments are incurred on research and development. Innovation is one of the most essential factors responsible for growth and development of multinational companies. Globalisation can be described as the process which integrates people, processes and government s of different countries. The main driving force for globalisation is international business and international trade (Dreher, Gaston Martens 2008). To be successful in business in todays scenario, every firm needs to have a profound knowledge of its internal and external environment. Firm must be able to analyse different environmental situations that positively or negatively impact the company. Also todays business environment is dynamic therefore forecasting becomes a tedious task for the company. The firm should make efforts to identify various opportunities and threats in the challenging environment to deal with the changes. Identifying the opportunities and threats enable a firm to deal with the threats turn their impact positive, it also helps to grasp the opportunities ahead of competitors. Globalisation has introduced various opportunities and threats for different firms. Various opportunities are discussed that globalisation has presented for Haier. Haier has various opportunities in the domestic market. The current data reveals that favourable policies of Chinese government are improving the living standards of people. This improvement in the lives of people especially rural population will increase the demand for domestic appliances; this is an emerging opportunity for company in the domestic market segment. Another opportunity for the firm is for both domestic and international markets. The rise in the level of pollution and energy consumption is alarming situation in various parts of world. Now people are becoming more aware towards environment protection this has increased the demand for green electrical appliances. US launched a $40 project for Chinas refrigerator manufactures to promote the manufacturing and sale of green refrigerators (CSR China 2006). This type of scenario existing in various countries will create an opportunity for the firms green appliances. This opportunity can be fruitful if the company develops more innovative green products. Globalisation has strengthened economic integration among nations. This integration has resulted into interdependence among various nations around the world. This integration and interdependence has presented the opportunity to the firm to enter into strategic alliance with companies of other countries to gain competitive advantage and strengthen the brand value. The firms acquisition over the Japanese brand Sanyo will present more opportunities in countries like Vietnam. The Governments support to firm is also an opportunity to the firm. Chinese government launched a policy in year 1999 to encourage the local firms to invest in overseas markets. This policy provides all the required support to the domestic firms to enter the international markets (Wang 2016). The integration among various nations have provided the firm with an opportunity to procure raw material and resources from anywhere in the world. This can provide the firm with the advantage of manufacturing cost reduction and increase in profit margins. To grasp this opportunity Haier should make use of the international resources. Along with the opportunities globalisation also brings various threats or challenges for the firm. The major challenges are discussed ahead. The recent emerging threat to the company is rise in the wages of workers in China. According to reports last year average hourly wages in China were $3.6. These wages were 64 per cent high as compared to the year 2011. Thus the trend of rising wage rates does not make production in China cheap anymore. The reason for this is globalisation, now people have access to jobs in various countries and various foreign companies that invested in China are ready to pay higher prices to workers. This trend of rise in workers wages is a direct threat to the company because most of the firms production activities are based in China. This factor will ultimately result in reducing the profit margins for the firm. Another major challenge for the company is fierce competition in both domestic and foreign markets. The main competitors of the firm in domestic mar ket are Gree and Midea. In global markets the major competitors of the firm include giant market players like Whirlpool, LG, Panasonic, Sony and Electrolux. Whirlpool is the company which stands at first position in manufacturing home appliances (Whirlpool 2017). Another big name Electrolux stands for innovative products. It launched first talking washing machine in the market. The company also introduced robotic vacuum cleaner in the worlds markets. These are just examples from two competitors; other competitors are also well established players in the market. Therefore the level of competition is very high in the market. This is a major threat for the company. The next threat for the firm that globalisation presents for the firm is price war. Now every company has access to resources around the world. Every company can get the benefit of low production cost therefore the close price war with the competitors has presented the price challenge for the firm. The next threat that compa ny can face in the global markets is negative impact from countrys image. Countrys image plays a vital role in creating the brand image. The companies from countries like Germany, USA and Japan have a positive impact on brand equity of the company. China does not have that good image. Chinese products are usual perceived to be low quality and low price. This is the threat for companys products in global markets (Yidan 2009). The challenges and opportunities are to be dealt with utmost care in order to survive in the global business environment. The globalisation not only presents challenges and opportunities for the firm, integration of culture also affects the role of manger in terms of communication, negotiation, decision-making, human resource management, and ethical behaviour. Traditional roles of the mangers include the role of leader, negotiator, figurehead, liaison, communication. Today also the mangers need to perform same roles but with a slightly different perspective. The mangers need to make employees comfortable with the change in culture. They are required to effectively manage the organisation in such a way that supports employees to adapt to the changes and number of conflicts of and issues and issues are resolved (Boundless 2017). Free movement of people and products across the globe have made the job of human resource manager more challenging. The role of HR manger which was once confined to recruitment and solving occasional disciplinary problems now involved more strategic functions to manage the people globally. The changed role involved functions such as effectively handling the labour laws related issues in different countries, deciding an attractive pay and benefits plan depending upon the country, recruitment is become more complex as the pool of talent has widened and the most important function is managing the cultural differences effectively. The manger should be able to understand cultures and traditions of various nations and ensure employee satisfaction of employees coming from different cultures (Scottter 207). In the context of business home country can be defined as a place where the business was first established or where the headquarters of firm are situated. The host country refers to the country where the firm has expanded its operations outside the national boundaries (Moeller, Harvey, Griffith Richey 2013). The home country for Haier is China whereas it has more than hundred host countries. There are various differences in the environment of home and host country. Both of the countries affect each other in various ways. Therefore to effectively manage a global enterprise manger needs to learn various lessons. To conduct the business effectively in this borderless world manger needs to learn, that how to maintain relationships with international clients around the globe. The next thing that is required is the ability of manger to navigate through the foreign culture. Having profound knowledge of both home and host country will only enable a manager to effectively mange and resolve i ssues that arise because of cultural differences. Managers need to understand that qualities and skill set that were successful in managing domestic business can prove to be reason of failure in international business. Todays international business requires fluent communication skills and negotiation skills. These are the basic skills that cannot be overlooked. The other skills that mangers require to effectively manage the difference in the home and host country are cultural sensitivity, multilingual and global management philosophy. Cultural sensitivity can be defined as valuing and respecting different cultures. It can also be defined as an ability to work effectively in culture other than your culture (Massen and Kowalewski 2010). Every manger needs to culturally sensitive. Managers need to understand the impact of culture on business relationships. The managers should also learn some of the common cultural practices. They should now how people of different cultures interpret and assign meaning to voice tones and body language. They should effectively imply cultural considerations in negotiations. The next skill that global mangers need to have is being multilingual. Multilingual means ability to communicate in various languages. Managers are already efficient in the language of host country. But while managing global organisation they need to be able to communicate in more than one language. They should at least know the language of their largest client or trading partner. It is also necessary to communicate in such a way that non-native speaks do not have difficulty in understanding (Bisk 2017). The next skill is global management philosophy. Every global manger needs to have global strategic thing thinking. To gain a strategic insight manager must be aware about the whole working of the business on a global level. This strategic approach enables him to make best out of best people around the planet (Clawson 2014). Dealing with the uncertainty is another important aspect for manger , which is very essential for managing complex business organisation (Wengrzyn 2017).Some other common skills that a manger who is forking for different countries needs to learn are humility towards every culture, curiosity and desire to learn and ethics and morality in personal life. The above listed skills and qualities are required for every manager to effectively manage an international organisation. This applies for managers of Haier group too. These skills and qualities can be acquired through the personal experience, learning lessons from other mangers within the same or different company and through professional learning programs designed especially for managers. Knowing about the skills is a different thing but bringing them to regular practice is also very important. The lessons can be brought to practice only by implying them to practical situations. From the above report it can be concluded that globalisation is a process of integration. This integration has resulted in creating a borderless world. The companies are now engaged in doing businesses round the globe. This has introduced various challenges and opportunities for the firm. Now the social, political, legal, economical, technical and environment implications on business are very dynamic. In case of Haier a Chinese firm that deals in electrical appliances various opportunities and threats are identified both in domestic and international markets. These opportunities include rise in living standards of people, rising demand for green electrical appliances, strategic alliances and government support. The threats for the firm include rise in wage rates in china, fierce competition, price war and country image. Today the firm is major player in the market the credit for the same can be given to the well-developed global strategy f the firm. The strategy provides the directio n for working in such a dynamic environment. Globalisation has not only created uncertainties in the business environment it has also leaded to change in the role of a manager and human resource manager. The roles have undergone the transformation in recent decades. Major changes in role are because of cultural integration. Now the mangers are required to manage more complex organisation structures with diverse workforce. To be successful in managing the organisations managers need to learn various lessons. The mangers should clearly understand the interplay between home and host country. The mangers must possess the qualities such as sharp communication skills, good negotiation skills, cultural sensitivity, multilingual and global strategic thinking. References Bisk 2017, International Business Management in Todays Economy, University of Notre Dame, viewed on 22 August 2017 from https://www.notredameonline.com/resources/negotiations/international-business-management-in-todays-economy/#.WZvuYD4jHIV Boundless, 2017, The Role of the Manager in an Evolving Organization, Boundless, viewed on 22 August 2017 from https://www.boundless.com/management/textbooks/boundless-management-textbook/organizational-theory-3/evolving-organizations-32/the-role-of-the-manager-in-an-evolving-organization-184-5510/ Buckley, PJ 2012, Innovations in International Business, Palgrave Macmillan. Clawson, JG 2014, 11 key characteristics of a global business leader, viewed on 22 August 2017 from https://ideas.darden.virginia.edu/2014/01/11-key-characteristics-of-a-global-business-leader/ CSR China 2006, Success: Energy-Efficient CFC-Free Refrigerators In China, CSR China, viewed on 22 August 2017 from https://www.chinacsr.com/en/2006/12/27/946-success-energy-efficient-cfc-free-refrigerators-in-china/ Cullen, JB Parboteeah, KP 2009, International business: strategy and the multinational company, Routledge. Dreher, A, Gaston, N Martens, P, 2008.Measuring globalisation: Gauging its consequences. Springer Science Business Media. Frynas, J Mellahi, K 2015, How did emerging market multinationals internationalize successfully?, Oxford University Press's Academic Insights for the Thinking World, blog post, 17 June, viewed on 22 August 2017 from https://blog.oup.com/2015/06/emerging-market-multinationals/ Galpin, TJ Herndon, M 2014, The complete guide to mergers and acquisitions: Process tools to support MA integration at every level, John Wiley Sons. Haier 2015, Introduction to Haier's Overseas Market, viewed on 22 August 2017 from https://www.haier.net/en/about_haier/haier_global/OverseasMarket/ Heraklen, 2016, New Robot from Electrolux- Electrolux Motionsense, viewed on 22 August 2017 from https://www.robotreviews.com/chat/viewtopic.php?t=19524 Massen, A and Kowalewski, B 2010, Preparing to Serve: Online Training Modules, viewed on 22 August 2017 from https://www.weber.edu/wsuimages/ccel/docs/trainingmods/Cultural%20Sensitivity%201-30-2015%20no%20quiz%20questions.pdf Moeller, M, Harvey, M, Griffith, D Richey, G 2013, The impact of country-of-origin on the acceptance of foreign subsidiaries in host countries: An examination of the liability-of-foreignness,International Business Review,22(1), pp.89-99. Scotter, L 2017, The changing role of human resource management in the global competitive environment, careertrend, viewed on 22 August 2017 from https://careertrend.com/changing-role-human-resource-management-global-competitive-environment-33068.html Wang, H 2016, A Deeper Look at Chinas Going Out Policy, Centre for International Governance and Education, viewed on 22 August 2017 from https://www.cigionline.org/publications/deeper-look-chinas-going-out-policy Wengrzyn, R 2017, Characteristics of the International Manager in Global Organizations, viewed on 22 August 2017 from https://study.com/academy/lesson/characteristics-of-the-international-manager-in-global-organizations.html Whirlpool 2017, Who We Are, viewed on 22 August 2017 from https://www.whirlpoolcorp.com/our-company/ Yidan, L 2009, Strategic Plan for Haiers GlobalBrand Building, viewed on 22 August 2017 from https://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/5764/luyidan.pdf

Keeping animal in the zoos free essay sample

Zoos argue that they save endangered species and educate the public, but animal rights activists believe the costs outweigh the benefits, and the violation of the rights of the individual animals is unjustifiable. Roadside zoos, petting zoos, and smaller animal exhibitors tend to keep the animals in smaller pens or cages. Sometimes, barren concrete and metal bars are all a tiger or bear will know for their entire lives. Larger, accredited zoos try to distance themselves from these operations by touting how well the animals are treated, but to animal rights activists, the issue not how well the animals are treated, but whether we have a right to confine them for our amusement or education. Arguments For Zoos †¢By bringing people and animals together, zoos educate the public and foster an appreciation of the animals. This exposure and education motivates people to protect the animals. †¢Zoos save endangered species by bringing them into a safe environment, where they are protected from poachers, habitat loss, starvation and predators. †¢Many zoos also have breeding programs for endangered species. In the wild, these individuals might have trouble finding mates and breeding. †¢Reputable zoos are accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums and are held to high standards for the treatment of the animals. According to the AZA, accreditation means, official recognition and approval of a zoo or aquarium by a group of experts. †¢A good zoo provides an enriched habitat in which the animals are never bored, are well cared-for, and have plenty of space. †¢Zoos are a tradition, and a visit to a zoo is a wholesome, family activity. †¢Seeing an animal in person is a much more personal and more memorable experience than seeing that animal in a nature documentary. †¢Some would argue that humans have little, if any duty to non-human animals because humans are more important, and if keeping animals in zoos serves any educational or entertainment purposes, we can ethically do it. †¢Zoos help rehabilitate wildlife and take in exotic pets that people no longer want or are no longer able to care for. †¢Both accredited and unaccredited animal exhibitors are regulated by the federal Animal Welfare Act, which establishes standards for care. Arguments Against Zoos †¢From an animal rights standpoint, we do not have a right to breed, capture and confine other animals, even if they are endangered. Being a member of an endangered species doesnt mean the individual animals have fewer rights. †¢Animals in captivity suffer from stress, boredom and confinement. Intergenerational bonds are broken when individuals get sold or traded to other zoos, and no pen or even drive-through safari can compare to the freedom of the wild. †¢Baby animals bring in visitors and money, but this incentive to breed new baby animals leads to overpopulation. Surplus animals are sold not only to other zoos, but also to circuses, canned hunting facilities, and even for slaughter. †¢The vast majority of captive breeding programs do not release animals back into the wild. The offspring are forever part of the chain of zoos, circuses, petting zoos, and exotic pet trade that buy, sell and barter animals among themselves and exploit animals. Ned the Asian elephant was born at an accredited zoo, but later confiscated from an abusive circus trainer and finally sent to a sanctuary. †¢Removing individuals from the wild will further endanger the wild population because the remaining individuals will be less genetically diverse and will have more difficulty finding mates. †¢If people want to see wild animals in real life, they can observe wildlife in the wild or visit a sanctuary. A true sanctuary does not buy, sell, or breed animals, but takes in unwanted exotic pets, surplus animals from zoos or injured wildlife that can no longer survive in the wild. †¢An individuals rights should not be infringed for the sake of the species. A species is not a sentient being and therefore has no rights. †¢If zoos are teaching children anything, its that imprisoning animals for our own entertainment is acceptable. †¢At least one study has shown that elephants kept in zoos do not live as long as elephants in the wild. †¢The federal Animal Welfare Act establishes only the most minimal standards for cage size, shelter, health care, ventilation, fencing, food and water. For example, enclosures must provide sufficient space to allow each animal to make normal postural and social adjustments with adequate freedom of movement. Inadequate space may be indicated by evidence of malnutrition, poor condition, debility, stress, or abnormal behavior patterns. Violations often result in a slap on the wrist and the exhibitor is given a deadline to correct the violation. Even a long history of inadequate care and AWA violations, such as the history of Tony the Truck Stop Tiger, will not free the animals. †¢Sanctuaries also rehabilitate wildlife and take in unwanted exotic pets, without breeding, buying and selling animals like zoos do. †¢Animals sometimes escape their enclosures, endangering themselves as well as people. There have even been incidents of zoo animals eating other zoo animals. In the case of zoos, both sides will argue that their side saves animals. Zoo proponents do not believe in animal rights, so many of the arguments against zoos are not persuasive to them, while other arguments may seem to apply only to inferior zoos, such as roadside zoos and petting zoos.

Lady Macbeth Essays (1010 words) - English-language Films

Lady Macbeth The play Macbeth is well known for its abundant use of imagery. Imagery is used for numerous reasons such as to convey certain visions to the audience and to give life to the play. One major use of imagery can be seen with the character of Lady Macbeth. Her characterization is strongly dependent on imagery and progresses dramatically with the advancement of the play. At the beginning of the play, Lady Macbeth is introduced as a dominant, controlling, heartless wife with an obsessive ambition to achieve kingship for her husband. After she learns of her husbands plan to murder Duncan, she realizes that her husband is not man enough to commit the murder. She believes he ...is too full o th milk of human kindness...(I.v.15), and he would be great except he is ...not without ambition, but without/ The illness should attend it...(I.v.17-18). Lady Macbeth is clearly presented as the dominant person in the relationship; which, is a reversal of the stereotypical roles of the time. She is presented as one of the strongest characters featuring in the beginning of play. In Lady Macbeths famous unsex me speech, we are presented with many images of her wanting to be de-womanized, guiltless, and fearless, like a man. She declares unsex me here, /And fill me, from the crown to the toe, top-full/Of direst cruelty!(I.v.39-41). She no longer wants her womanly emotions and desires for her compassion to be replaced with cruelty. She reinforces her statement by saying Come to my womans breasts, /And take my milk for gall...(I.v.45-46). This statement insinuates that she wants the milk in her breasts to be replaced with bile. She wants absolutely no connections with womanly compassion; she wants to be as manly as possible. She also presents this in her lines saying I have given suck, and know/ How tender tis to love the babe that milks me: / I would, while it was smiling in my face, / Have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums, / And dashed the brains out, had I so sworn as you/ Have done to this. (I.vii.54-59). Lady Macbeth is saying that she would rather slaughter her nursing child than to back out of a responsibility she said she would go through with. As the play progresses Lady Macbeths deterioration can clearly be sensed. The first sign is when Lady Macbeth goes to murder Duncan, but is unable to because he ...resembled/ My father as he slept...(II.ii.12-13). This is the first sign of her weakness that we are capable of detecting. After the murder is complete, Lady Macbeth becomes less active in Macbeths plan for domination. He begins to plan the murders without even consulting her, and she becomes more passive towards him. She no longer goads him to do tasks; he does them on his own. Soon she comments that Noughts had, alls spent/ Where our desire is got without content: / Tis safer to be that which we destroy/ Than by destruction dwell in doubtful joy(III.ii.4-7). We now see Lady Macbeth is regretting her decision to scam Macbeth into murdering Duncan. She is not able to enjoy their new success because she is unable to be sure they were really successful. This guilt and regret she is feeling is exactly what she was trying to p revent. Towards the end, we notice that Lady Macbeth is sleepwalking, and she is afflicted with hallucinations of guilt as a result of all the murders. She walks around the castle with a candle and rubs her hands as if she were washing them. For a moment she stops and says, ...What, will these hands neer be clean... (V.i.38). She continues on by saying Heres the smell of blood still. All the per-/fumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand... (V.i.43-44). She is obsessing over trying to become wholesome again. She feels that she must cleanse herself of these sins. The darkness has stripped her of her mask of strength, and she is now engulfed in agony and sorrow. She has become helpless. The thought of the evil, which she once sought after and accepted, is now an image of terror in her mind. The doctor says to the gentlewoman ...Look after

Everything You Need to Know About Native Advertising (19 Examples)

Everything You Need to Know About Native Advertising (19 Examples) What’s a marketer’s dream? (Besides unlimited budgets  and seamless collaboration†¦) To â€Å"sell† to people without them feeling sold to. In a perfect world, we marketers could expose our target audiences to valuable content that genuinely interests them AND raises awareness for the products we’re promoting. This is exactly what native advertising  aims to solve. Problem is†¦ Native advertising can leave your audience feeling a little duped and/or betrayed. Here they are reading what they thought  was an innocent how-to blog post, only to find that they’re being fed advertising. That bad taste left in their mouth can backfire, leaving marketers worse off than if they had left well enough alone. That said, however, when done right, native advertising can have incredible ROI. If you’re looking to start dabbling in native advertising, this post is for you. From top-to-bottom, this post covers everything you need to know – from tools to examples and everything in between. Everything you need to know about #nativeadvertising wrapped up into one post.Download This Best Practice Native Advertising Guide Before jumping into native advertising head first, download this best practice guide. It covers all the things you need to do before you launch a native ad campaign. Download it here, then read on to figure how native can help your business grow. Types of Native Ads In-feed Advertisements In-feed Social Ads Paid Search Advertisements Recommended Content Promoted Listings Custom Content Types Sponsored or Branded Content (a.k.a advertorial) Product Placement What is Native Advertising? Native Advertising is a little nebulous to define†¦ It’s one of those things that you know it when you see it. Different experts have different opinions about how native advertising is defined. For instance, Neil Patel  describes native advertising as, â€Å"advertising that is so tightly interwoven within the site that customers can’t tell that it’s advertising.† Social platforms like LinkedIn  and  Facebook  make the claim that in-stream social ads constitute native advertising. The Native Advertising Institute  disagrees stating, â€Å"native advertising needs to be valuable content of a non-interruptive nature – which is typically not the case with in-stream advertising.† They define native advertising as, â€Å"paid advertising where the ad matches the form, feel and function of the content of the media on which it appears.† It’s clear there’s a little disagreement surrounding what actually constitutes a native ad. This post takes an inclusive approach†¦ The more examples the better, amirite? What actually constitutes native advertising? It’s not as simple as you might think†¦Content Marketing vs Native Advertising You might be thinking that native advertising sounds a lot like content marketing†¦ And you’d be right†¦ it does. BUT there are some important differences. Native advertising typically: Is a way of distributing content. Is present on a domain other than your own. Will have a label stating â€Å"ad† or â€Å"sponsored†. Appears to provide the reader value, but is secondary to selling the product. Is Pay to Play. The content is only valuable if the product is purchased. Example:  ASOS  paid content on Refinery29 Content marketing typically: Provides valuable knowledge to raise brand awareness. Is a long-term strategy that nurtures leads as them move down the sales funnel. Includes assets like white papers, blogs, webinars and videos. Is hosted on owned media channels. The content is valuable in and of itself. Example:  ASOS Content Marketing Native Advertising vs. Content Marketing Should You Invest in Content Marketing or Native Advertising? The answer is†¦ It depends on your goals, timeframe, and budget. Content marketing tends to be a long-term strategy that has lower monetary costs, but a higher time investment on the part of your marketing team. Success also takes longer with content marketing as it requires a consistent publishing cadence†¦ BUT... †¦ it’s more beneficial to the company in the long-term since the content assets are owned and built on the company’s own site.

Network letter Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Network letter - Article Example end the show for further strengthening that persona within the character during the â€Å"Dead Again† episode that dealt with the underground zombie lifestyle of New York City. In this particular episode, we saw a significant character development for Kate Beckett as she finally came close to the full understanding and acceptance of the events that happened in her life during the past year. That includes being ready to put her emotions on the line and accept the love being offered to her by a man who has stood by her for the past 4 years of her life. It was important to me, as a person who believes in the healing powers of psychiatry, that the episode portrayed her visits to a psychiatric professional as one that truly helps her get her life back together after her shooting in the previous season. By showing the analytical aspect of the doctors visit and allowing her to figure things our for herself with her doctor acting only as her guide, her character as a strong, intelligent, and logical woman is further reinforced. I applaud the team behind the show for such an accurate and convincing portrayal of the true way that a psychiatric visit takes place. In closing, I would like to encourage your program to continue its true to life portrayals of the steps that Kate Beckett must take in her life in order to become a truly whole and well person, finally capable of accepting a special kind of love and giving back the same to Richard Castle. Thank you for taking the time to read my letter. I realize how busy a person in charge of a network must be as you receive numerous letters and communications regarding all types of matters pertaining to your programming. I look forward to possibly hearing from you in the

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 128

Assignment Example This paper explores and discusses the sovereignty claims of the native tribes in Alaska and Akaka in Hawaii. Natives of Alaska, a land purchased by the United States from Russia have gone through a tumultuous period of political and legal up and downs before the recognition of their self-government status by the federal government. Throughout the contacts between the aboriginals of Alaska and the Europeans, the natives have hotly pursued their rights to the ownership of their lands. In history, the Tlingit, Tanaka and Haida tribes initially fought with the Russia, and vehemently object the sale of the lands to the US, claiming the rightful ownership. After the sale, they took their struggle to a different player until the recognition of their status through the Congress enacted law, the Alaska native Claims Settlement Act in 1971 (Zellen, 120). The state government of Alaska has over the years softened its stand on tribal sovereignty amongst the Alaskan tribes. In 1992, the Native Policy Statement, an instrument from the state government codified laws acknowledging the tribal authority and recognized their special status. Hawaiian sovereignty efforts are dissimilar from other Native American claims as they demand total cessation from the Union and a return to the previous monarchial rule. However, there are certain actors within the native population who are pushing for self democratic government, whilst others have acknowledged the importance of the Union and are urging fellow tribes mate to stay within the Union. In the same breath as the governments of the other Native Americans, such as those in Alaska, the native populations are pushing to be including in an arrangement referred to as a nation within a nation (Trask, 66). In fact such a bill has been brought before the senate, repeatedly the Daniel Akaka (Kauanui, 173).

Quality Customer Service Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Quality Customer Service - Research Paper Example It would tell the individuals concerned that the organization looks after them and wants to give them what they deserve the most – impeccable service that is of serious quality. This paper shall discuss the five significant techniques which play a role at implementing superior service quality within organizations and which have remained as a metaphor beyond despair in the present times as well as the times to follow. These five techniques that are deemed as pivotal here comprise of winning with the customer, showing a positive attitude, identification of the customer needs, providing for the needs of the customers, and lastly making sure that the customers come back for more sales that shall benefit the organization in the long run. One must remember that these five techniques include a number of other sub points as well which shall be discussed within the entirety of this paper here. To start with, the first technique to achieve and implement superior service quality is that of winning with the customer which takes into account the determination to make it happen for both the organization and the customer in essence. It is imperative that the organization which is imparting superior service is winning right next to the customer himself. How this will happen is something that shall have to be comprehended properly. First of all, quality customer service needs to be identified and its description is made note of (Lin, 2011). When this has been done, the next step is to be aware of the fact that the end customer gets the satisfaction that is asked of the entire premise. If this does not take place, customer satisfaction has failed to fulfill its role and there are other avenues that need to be touched upon to reap success under such domains. The reasons for service quality’s importance are discerned as to whether they shall uplift the business in financial terms or provide relief in the wake of bringing in serious sales returns. The second technique is to demonstrate a positive attitude. It is because a positive attitude is the basis of solving half the quandaries that are related with customer service. If the organization wants to achieve supremacy within such departments, positive attitude is the solution to make it happen. Being an optimist always creates more room for understanding, especially on the part of the customers who are always looking for answers that would satisfy them in entirety. It is important however that the service levels communicate the best possible image no matter how difficult or trying the circumstances turn out to be. With that being done, staying energized all this while; while the service quality levels are being ensured refer to success within such realms. The third technique is to identify the customer needs. What this means is that this technique brings the customers in direct communication with the service team as to how the actual problem will be given a remedy that shall solve it in the firs t place (Martin, 2009). This will also aim to study the inherent areas where basic needs are understood and then worked upon to bring about a solution for the end customers. It is quintessential to stay one step ahead of the customer requirements and to fulfill them through a proactive approach, which is

Death Penalty as a Punishment: The Debate

Death Penalty as a Punishment: The Debate The main aim of this research project is to evaluate the efficacy of death penalty as a punishment. The researcher has tried her best to do an objective study on the topic, without any subjectivity or personal biases or prejudices. Since this is a sensitive topic and different schools of thought have different opinion about capital punishment, the researcher has tried to analyse and understand the pros and cons of such an extreme form of punishment. Jurisprudential and sociological aspects of such kind of punishment have also been looked into. Scope and Limitations The scope of this project ranges from a positive analysis of the sources available regarding the topic, to a comparison to its antecedent, and conclude with a normative analysis. The limitation that might be evident would be the limited understanding of the author as to the technical details encountered while dealing with the topic and the limited availability of sources. Due to paucity of time and sources of information, the researcher has been able to present a brief but comprehensive analysis of the topic and procedural law involved, while acknowledging the fact that a further in depth analysis would provide greater understanding, clarity and knowledge about the applicability and working of this area of law. Since the topic concerns the society as well, the sociological implications have also been highlighted. Sources of Data Primarily the researcher has relied on books available in the AMITY Law School library. The researcher has also tried to utilise the resources, articles, e-books available on the internet. Chapter I: Introduction Capital punishment is the harshest of punishments provided in the Indian Penal Code, which involves the judicial killing or taking the life of the accused as a form of punishment. The question of whether the state has the right to take the life of a person, howsoever gruesome the offence he may have committed, has always been a contested issue between moralists who feel that the death sentence is required as a deterrent measure, and the progressive who argue the judicial taking of life is nothing else but court mandated murder.  [1]   It is clear that capital punishment is awarded only in two categories of offences, namely treason and murder. However, the judges, in the offences punishable with sentence of death and alternatively with life imprisonment have to make critical choice between the two permissible punitive alternatives, viz , death sentence and imprisonment for life. When the conviction is for an offence punishable with death or, in the alternative, with imprisonment for a term of years , the judgment shall state the reasons for the sentence awarded, and, in the case of sentence of death, the special reasons for such sentence. 1.1 Constitutional validity of death penalty The constitutional validity of death penalty was considered by a Constitutional Bench of the Supreme Court in Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab  [2]  . The reference to the Constitutional Bench came about, as the Bench hearing the case noticed that there was a conflict between two rulings of the Supreme Court on the issue of the validity and scope of the provision that imposed death penalty. The two cases were the rulings in Jagmohan v. State of Uttar Pradesh  [3], which declared death penalty to be constitutionally valid, and the ruling of another three-member bench in Rajendra Prasad v State of Uttar Pradesh  [4]  , in which a majority of two judges, ruled that when the trial court comes to a conclusion that the accused is guilty of murder, then the state through the prosecutor should be called upon by the court to state whether the extreme penalty is called for ; and if the answer is in the positive, the court shall upon the prosecutor to establish , if necessary by leadin g evidence, facts for seeking the extreme penalty of law. The majority ruling went on to state the principle guiding the imposition of death sentence as follows: It is, therefore, imperative to voice the concern that courts, aided by the broad illustrative guidelines indicated by us, will discharge the onerous function with even more scrupulous care and humane concern, directed along the highroads of legislative policy outlined in section 354(3) viz, that for persons convicted of murder, life imprisonment is the rule and death sentence an exception. A real and abiding concern for the dignity of human life postulates resistance to taking a life through laws instrumentality. That ought not to be done save in the rarest of rare cases when the alternative option is unquestionably foreclosed.  [5]   Bhagwati J delivered the minority ruling, holding that s 302, in so far as it provides for death penalty as an alternative to life sentence, is unconstitutional and ultra vires, and violative of articles14 and 21 of the constitution. His opinion, however, was delivered after nearly two years.  [6]   1.2 Medias influence The influence of media coverage in brining the death penalty is especially strong. The feedback loop is especially visible at the legislative juncture, when crime control policies are made at the prosecutorial juncture, when discretion about capital charging is at work; and at the adjudicative juncture, when both judge and jury must make difficult decision about sentencing.  [7]   Mass Media has got great capability to influence any judgment that comes into scene. The infamous case of death penalty execution of Dhananjoy Chatterjees  [8]  was, perhaps, the first televised execution in the history of Indian media. Chatterjee, who was sentenced to death in 1991, for raping and murdering a schoolgirl, Hetal Parekh, was finally hanged on August 14, 2004 after the  Supreme Court denied his mercy petition. Through these past 14 years, he served a term in Alipur Jail in Kolkata. The case would have otherwise gone down in history as another Supreme Court ruling, but for the hue and cry raised by the various segments of the media and the civil society. As a result, what should have been an understated, unpublicized execution became the most talked about verdict in the judicial history of the worlds largest democracy. The arguments pitted against and in favor of the sentence were equally appalling. There were the human rights activists who strongly condemned the sentence on the grounds of mercy, claiming that since the accused had already served a life imprisonment term, executing him amounted to injustice. Supporting such groups was a section of the media, which, quite literally participated in the killing of the accused. Twenty-four hour television news channels brought alive the anguish of the accused by streaming live visuals of the accused, his movements and actions, until he was led to the gallows. Those private last moments, which an accused is entitled to, were thrown open to public scrutiny. Senior journalist Vir Singhvi wrote in the Aug. 29 issue of the Hindustan Times Daily (centrist)- Many people I know who were supporters of the death penalty suddenly began to have second thoughts as the drama unfolded on the TV channels. They felt as though they themselves were participating in killing a poor man. It was a guilt that many felt they could do without. It was horrendous to watch people deriving a sadistic pleasure and making a spectacle out of a death sentence. All this, combined with the depiction of the familys trauma, generated a wave of sympathy among the masses, hence creating a pseudo-celebrity out of Chatterjee.  [9]   In another case of execution of accused Santosh Singh in the case of Priyadarshini Matto, none of us really know if the accused is actually guilty or not, but the trial by media as already pronounced him guilty of the offence, and hence when the judgment was finally given by the court of law, all the people celebrated. Right after the incident, the media trial begins and all media entities- print or electronic- more or less have similar focus in their stories. Worse, they even pronounce their judgment, which usually goes against the accused or the suspect.   With almost a propaganda-like zeal, the story is presented to the viewers as if the accused is really the culprit. In cases where the charge is not proved in the court, there are SMS campaigns, blogging outrages, candle-lit processions, and rallies to mobilize the citizens against the injustice done by the courts and to put the pressure on the appellate court.  [10]   Therefore to put it, Law and media coexist and overlap in the modern society. People create their opinion, drop their conclusions guided by the information they get from mass media and very seldom think about the credibility of this information. In modern society, the impact of mass media is so big that it not only passes the legal norms to the population, but also has the power to influence or even change them. Receiving publicity can become a serious problem for death eligible cases as from the role of observer mass media becomes an active participant of the trial. If death penalty is appointed, the media doesnt leave any chance to the charged person and the appellate procedure is usually illuminated as an annoying delay on the way to the climax execution. These questions can raise unnecessary doubts in the minds of people and spoil dramatic effect, so diligently created. Another peculiar feature of mass medias covering the death issue is the lack of defensive evidence, if any pre sented to the wide audience. The main line of narration is usually lead from the part of prosecution they have more TV air and spaces in the magazines and newspapers. Defense doesnt have these privileges. Very seldom journalists try to show compassion to criminals. Another interesting feature is that mass media tries to avoid the direct formulations, when talking about the death itself, trying to use phrases like came to meet death, went to his final journey, etc. They are usually afraid to minimize the sufferings of the victim, by showing any humanity to putative criminal. To be just, there are rare cases, when the topic innocent person unfairly condemned is speculated, but these cases are rare and cannot be regarded as general tendency. The role of denunciator conflicts with medias role of impartial chronicles. Complicated or ambiguous cases are not so popular among the media, as they need context, complex explanations and event chains and let multi-faceted interpretations. Media becomes a transitional point, which passes emotion from the courtroom to average observer. We get a loop here trying to answer the needs of the audience, mass media tries to search for the facts, which wou ld appeal most of all to this public. At the same time, collecting such facts, media influences public opinion. The main difficulty lies in the fact, that media prefers a selective depiction of events and the selective emotional background for their coverage. Feelings of compassion, mercy and sorrow to victims arent accompanied by even the smallest effort to display compassion to the convicted person. The crime and criminal himself become the incarnation of encroachment on the social legislative norms and stability. Chapter II: Case Laws Relating To Capital Punishment Execution In India 2.1 Dhananjoy Chatterjee alias Dhana v. State of West Bengal.  [11]   The measure of punishment in a given case must depend upon the atrocity of the crime; the conduct of the criminal and the defenceless state of the victim. Justice demands that the courts should impose punishment befitting the crime so that the courts reflect public abhorrence of the crime. The courts must not only keep in view the rights of the criminal but also the rights of victim of crime and the society at large while considering imposition of appropriate punishment  [12]   2.2 Sushil Murmu v. State of Jharkhand  [13]. In this case, the S.C. was called upon to adjudge the proprietary of death sentence for sacrificing a nine year old child in the most brutal manner. The child was killed in a grotesque and revolting manner. The court declared that the case at hand falls in rarest of rare category of cases. It, therefore, upheld the death sentence awarded to the convict. 2.3 State of Maharashtra v. Ajmal Aamir Kasab. In this case quarters of media have tremendously supported the execution of Kasab and there are others who vehemently oppose the execution. The points against the execution are Capital punishment is a barbaric remnant of an uncivilized society. It is immoral in principle, and unfair and discriminatory in practice. The judgment is still pending before the H.C. 2.4 Jai Kumar v State of Madhya Pradesh  [14]   In this case the accused Jai Kumar was sentenced to death by the trial court for having killed his sister-in-law, who was pregnant, and her eight-year old daughter in the night of 7 January 1997, allegedly for the reason that he had become enraged because his sister-in-law had not given him enough food. However, his own mother tendered evidence that he had made an attempt to rape the deceased sister-in-law, and encountering resistance from her, committed the crime. The manner in which he committed the offence was gruesome. He locked his mother inside a room, and thereafter went into the room of the deceased by removing the bricks near the door, going into the room and killing her. After that he decapitated her head and hung it from a tree in a jungle nearby. He had also taken the eight-year old daughter of the deceased and killed her with an axe saying that he was offering her as a sacrifice to Mahuva Maharaj and thereafter buried her in sand, covered with stones. The Supreme Court n oted that the mitigating factors were hardly sufficient to balance out the aggravating circumstances. In the present case, the savage nature of the crime has shocked our judicial conscience. The murder was cold-blooded and brutal without any provocation. It certainly makes it a rarest of rare case in which there are no mitigating or extenuating circumstances.  [15]   2.5 Suresh Chandra Bahri v State of Bihar  [16]   In this case, the accused was alleged to have conspired with several others to kill one Suresh Bahris wife and two young children. The main grouse that Suresh Bahri had against his wife was that she was interfering in his property dealings and wanted to sell their Ranchi house so that they could migrate to America with the sale proceeds and settle there with the children. The main accused enticed her to come to Ranchi from Delhi on the pretext that a sale deed for selling the house was to be executed on 11th October, 1983, and killed her on the night of the 10 October itself. The evidence disclosed that the murder was committed in an extremely brutal, diabolical, gruesome manner. Her body was then cut into two and disposed. Similarly, the two children were taken to a farm house after telling them that they were going for a pleasure trip, and killed there. Their bodies were cut into pieces and thrown into Varuna River. Considering the fact that it was the father himself who had commit ted such gruesome murder, the Supreme Court confirmed the death sentence as the matter came into the rarest of rare categories. 2.6 Jagdish v. State of Madhya Pradesh In Jagdish v. State of Madhya Pradesh,  [17]  the apex court quoted the US Supreme Court and was of the view that, the cruelty of capital punishment lies not only in the execution itself and the pain incident thereto, but also in the dehumanizing effects of the lengthy imprisonment prior to execution and that the prospect of pending execution exacts a frightful toll during the inevitable long wait between the imposition of sentence and the actual infliction of death.  [18]   The Supreme Court quoted a few decided cases in this case as well.   In T.V.Vatheeswaran v. State of Tamil Nadu  [19]  and  Ediga Anamma v. State of Andhra Pradesh  [20]  it has been held that a delay of two years was permissible beyond which the sentence ought to be converted to life. In Bhagwan Bux Singh. v. The State of U.P.  [21]  similar observations were made with respect to a delay of two and a half years and in Sadhu Singh v. State of U.P.  [22]  to a delay of three and a half years.   2.7 Vivian Rodrick v. The State of West Bengal In Vivian Rodrick v. The State of West Bengal,  [23]  the Supreme Court said that, It seems to us that the extremely excessive delay in the disposal of the case of the appellant would by itself be sufficient for imposing a lesser sentence of imprisonment for life under Section 302. Section 302, IPC prescribes two alternate sentences, namely, death sentence or imprisonment for life, and when there has been inordinate delay in the disposal of the appeal by the High Court it seems to us that it is a relevant factor for the High Court to take into consideration for imposing the lesser sentence. In this particular case, as pointed out above, the appellant was committed to trial by the Presidency Magistrate as early as July 31, 1963, and he was convicted by the Trial Judge on September 4, 1964. It is now January 1971, and the appellant has been for more than six years under the fear of sentence of death. This must have caused him unimaginable mental agony. In our opinion, it would be inhuman to make him suffer till the Government decides the matter on a mercy petition. W e consider that this now a fit case for awarding the sentence of imprisonment for life. Accordingly, we accept the appeal, set aside the order of the High Court awarding death sentence and award a sentence of imprisonment for life. The sentences under Section 148, IPC and Section 5 of the Explosive Substances Act   Chapter III: Jurisprudential and Sociological Aspects 3.1 Jurisprudential Aspects Everyone has an inalienable human right to life, even those who commit murder; sentencing a person to death and executing them violates that right. This is very similar to the value of life argument, but approached from the perspective of human rights. The counter-argument is that a person can, by their actions, forfeit human rights, and that murderers forfeit their right to life. Another example will make this clear a person forfeits their right to life if they start a murderous attack and the only way the victim can save their own life is by killing the attacker. The medieval philosopher and theologian Thomas Aquinas made this point very clearly: Therefore if any man is dangerous to the community and is subverting it by some sin, the treatment to be commended is his execution in order to preserve the common good Therefore to kill a man who retains his natural worthiness is intrinsically evil, although it may be justifiable to kill a sinner just as it is to kill a beast, for, as Aristotle points out, an evil man is worse than a beast and more harmful.  [24]   Aquinas is saying that certain contexts change a bad act (killing) into a good act (killing to repair the violation of justice done by the person killed, and killing a person who has forfeited their natural worthiness by killing). The most common and most cogent argument against capital punishment is that sooner or later, innocent people will get killed, because of mistakes or flaws in the justice system. Witnesses, (where they are part of the process), prosecutors and jurors can all make mistakes. When this is coupled with flaws in the system it is inevitable that innocent people will be convicted of crimes. Where capital punishment is used such mistakes cannot be put right. There is ample evidence that such mistakes are possible in the USA, 116 people sentenced to death have been found innocent since 1973 and released from death row. The average time on death row before these exonerations was 9 years. Things were made worse in the USA when the Supreme Court refused to hold explicitly that the execution of a defendant in the face of significant evidence of innocence would be unconstitutional. However many US lawyers believe that in practice the court would not permit an execution in a case demonstrating persuasive evidence of actual innocence. 3.2 Sociological Aspects If we look from a sociologist perspective, it is an accepted notion that, the criminal should be punished less, but punished better. Killing him would be a very extreme form of punishment and would not serve any ends. It is neither beneficial to the society nor to the criminal. Michel Foucault, a well known sociologist, says that the criminals must be Disciplined and Punished (D and P). According to him, D and P is a study of the development of the gentler modern way of imprisoning criminals rather than torturing or killing them.  [25]  He pointed to the shift, which took place at the turn of the 18th century, from punishment as the public infliction of pain to punishment as incarceration. While recognizing the element of genuinely enlightened reform, he particularly emphasizes how such reform also becomes a vehicle of more effective control: to punish less, perhaps; but certainly to punish better.  [26]   The Supreme Court in the case of Jagdish v. State of Madhya Pradesh,  [27]  relied on a sociologists opinion. The court quoted Robert Johnson, Death row is barren and uninviting. The death row inmate must contend with a segregated environment marked by immobility, reduced stimulation, and the prospect of harassment by staff. There is also the risk that visits from loved ones will become increasingly rate, for the man who is civilly dead is often abandoned by the living. The condemned prisoners ordeal is usually a lonely one and must be met largely through his own resources. The uncertainties of his case pending appeals, unanswered bids for commutation, possible changes in the law may aggravate adjustment problems. A continuing and pressing concern is whether one will join the substantial minority who obtain a reprieve or will be counted among the to-be-dead. Uncertainty may make the dilemma of the death row inmate more complicated than simply choosing between maintaining hope or surrendering to despair. The condemned can afford neither alternative, but must nurture both a desire to life and an acceptance of imminent death . As revealed in the suffering of terminally ill patients, this is an extremely difficult task, one in which resources afforded by family or those within the institutional context may prove critical to the personss adjustment. The death row inmate must achieve equilibrium with few coping supports. In the process, he must somehow maintain his dignity and integrity. Death row is a prison within a prison, physically and socially isolated from the prison community and the outside world. Condemned prisoners life twenty-three and one-half hours alone in their cells..  [28]   Penologists and medical experts agreed that the process of carrying out a verdict of death is often as degrading and brutalizing to the human spirit as to constitute psychological torture. Relying on Coleman vs. Balkcom,  [29]  observed that the deterrent value of incarceration during that period of uncertainty may well be comparable to the consequences of the ultimate step itself and when the death penalty ceases realistically to further these purposes,..its imposition would then be the pointless and needless extinction of life with only marginal contributions to any discernible social or public purposes. A penalty with such negligible returns to the State would be patently excessive and cruel and unusual punishment violative of the Eighth Amendment. The Courts have, however, drawn a distinction whereby the accused himself has been responsible for the delay by misuse of the judicial process but the time taken by the accused in pursuing legal and constitutional remedies cannot be taken against him.   Chapter IV: Death Penalty Statutes The Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act (TADA) which was first enacted in 1985 and reenacted in 1987 provides for death penalty as an alternative punishment for the commission of a terrorist act.  [30]  Despite the non-renewal of TADA by the parliament after 1995, resulting in its lapse  [31]  , a large number of trials under TADA still await completion. A death sentence recommended in the first instance by the designated court trying the case under TADA becomes final when confirmed at the next level by the Supreme Court, there being no appeal against such confirmation of sentence.  [32]   The Indian Penal Code prescribes death penalty as an alternative punishment to life imprisonment for eleven kinds of offences, the recent one being introduced by an amendment in 1993.  [33]   Section 3(2) (i) of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 is another provision, which prescribes a mandatory death sentence. It states that : if an innocent member of a Scheduled Caste or of Scheduled Tribe be convicted and executed in consequence of such false or fabricated evidence, the person who gives or fabricates such evidence shall be punished with death.  [34]   The Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987 provides for death penalty among the punishments that maybe imposed on any person who abets, directly or indirectly, the commission of sati. The National Security Guards Act, 1986, and the Indo-Tibetan Border Police Act, 1992 both prescribe the death sentence as an alternative punishment for defined offences committed by members of the two armed forces. The Abortive attempts by Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh to enact special laws to deal with terrorism, both providing for death penalty, are pointers to the popular belief that retribution and deterrence are desired goals of punishment. This also explains the demand by the Home Minister, in which he is stated to have the support of many state governments, that death penalty be prescribed as a punishment for rape.  [35]   The baying for blood as a shrill cry of retribution is not a new phenomena. It was not too far in the past that the Rajasthan High Court ordered the public hanging of a mother-in-law whom it found guilty of causing a dowry death.  [36]   In Mahesh v. Madhya Pradesh  [37]  , which was a case of multiple murders committed in a brutal manner, the court said : itll be a mockery of justice to permit these appellants to escape the extreme penalty of law when faced with such evidence and such cruel acts. To give the lesser punishment would be to render the justice system of this country suspect. The common man will lose faith in courts. In such cases he understands and appreciates the language of deterrence more than the reformative jargon. Chapter V: Capital Punishment, Execution Publicity Punishment is not inflicted by a rational man for the sake of the crime that has been committed; after all one cannot undo what is past, but for the sake of the future, to prevent either the same man or, by the spectacle of his punishment, someone else, from doing wrong again. Healthy debate persists as to the deterrent effect of capital punishment. Although an expansive and diverse body of research has accumulated that examines the effect of executions or execution publicity on murder rates, this research affords few definitive conclusions. On one hand, there is evidence that executions reduce murder levels. On the other hand, several studies fail to discern convincing evidence of a relationship. Still others find a positive association. These inconsistencies in the literature raise methodological issues, some of which are grounded in theoretical arguments. Perhaps the most serious concern is specifying the true nature of the causal relationship between capital punishment and murder rates. Most previous studies estimated only unidirectional relationships. The question of salience, however, is whether recursive models portray the relations among the variables of interest accurately. Another issue relates to the geographical unit of analysis best suited for evincing deterrence effects. Whereas most prior studies relied on state or national level data to assess the deterrent effect of capital punishment, a high level of aggregation may not fully capture the ecological dynamics that are hypothesized to underlie deterrence theory.  [38]   With the emergence of the media as a powerful source of information and education, its role in the dispensation of justice has also become significant. The judiciary and media have rather become partners in dispensation of justice as media enjoys the privilege to investigate crimes and to act as a catalyst in the dispensation of justice. Media and Justice are now synonymous; because the medias endeavour to unearth and focus on crime is primarily motivated by its cherished desire to project truth and seek justice. Media , truth, justice , are thus, inter-related.  [39]   5.1 Arguments FOR and AGAINST capital punishment, as presented by execution publicity. Capital punishment permanently removes around the worst criminals from society and should prove much safer for the rest of us than long term or permanent incarceration. It is self evident that dead criminals cannot commit any further crimes, either within prison or after escaping or after being released from it. Execution is a very real punishment rather than some form of rehabilitative treatment, the criminal is made to suffer in proportion to the offence. Although whether there is a place in a modern society for the old fashioned principal of lex talens (an eye for an eye), is a matter of personal opinion. Retribution is seen by many as an acceptable reason for the death penalty according to my survey results. It is hard to prove one way or the other because in most retentionist countries the number of people actually executed per year (as compared to those sentenced to death) is usually a very small proportion.   It would, however, seem that in those countries (e.g. Singapore) w hich almost always carry out death sentences, there is far less serious crime. This tends to indicate that the death penalty is a deterrent, but only where execution is a virtual certainty.   The death penalty is much more likely to be a deterrent where the crime requires planning and the potential criminal has time to think about the

Essay --

Historically, Myasthenia Gravis was discovered by Thomas Willis in 1672. It was not until late 19th century that Wilhelm Erb and Samuel Goldflam described the muscle disease due the lack of nervous input. Initially, it was called the Erb-Goldflam syndrome until Friedrich Jolly, a German neurologist coined it as Myasthenia Gravis Pseudoparalytica. He created the Jolly test, which tested for muscle weakness by eliciting faradic stimulations for continuous muscular contractions that caused fatigue (Ropper & Samuels 2009). Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease that causes antibodies to destroy the signal transduction in neuromuscular transmission. In an autoimmune disease such as myasthenia Gravis, the immune system cannot differentiate between healthy cells and antigens. The host’s antibodies block the acetylcholine nicotinic receptors resulting in inhibition of the excitatory effects of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. It also degrades the acetylcholine receptors. Normally, the antibodies do not attack normal healthy acetylcholine receptors on the postsynaptic end of the neuromuscular junction. Acetylcholine is released from the vesicles from the presynaptic end into the synaptic cleft where it binds to the acetylcholine nicotinic receptors eliciting an excitatory effect for muscle contraction. Once this action is inhibited, muscle contraction in that cell cannot be elicited. These nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are found on the motor end plate of the muscle cell. Acetylcholine binding allows a cascade of events to release calcium into the muscle cell. This allows the movement of actin and myosin based on the sliding filament theory to power stroke causing the cell to contract (Ropper & Samuels 2009). Myasthenia Gra... ...l lives. In conclusion, immunosuppressive agents and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors help in reducing the symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis. While acetylcholinesterase inhibitors have a short half-life accompanied by various side effects, it is the best solution at this time to alleviate muscle weakness and fatigue. Pyridostigmine is the most commonly used drug with the lowest toxicity amongst these inhibitors because of its limited bioavailability. Immunosuppressive drugs inhibit antibody release reducing the amount of malfunctioning T-cells that attack the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. While its effects are not immediate with poor absorption, it provides longer periods of symptom relief. The immunological agents are only reduced and not destroyed and thus regenerate to elicit myasthenic symptoms. Further research is necessary to continue the search for a cure.

Life and Ministry of A. J. Tomlinson

Ambrose J. Tomlinson (1865-1943) belonged to a moderately wealthy family from Westfield, Indiana.   His family conducted business, and so the young Tomlinson, after finishing his studies at the prominent Westfield Academy, tried his hand at business as well.   His life in the huge Quaker community was serene to begin with.   In the rural community, Tomlinson was able to connect with a few religious people who strengthened his interest in the Gospel (Hunter, 2003).Tomlinson’s neighbors in Westfield included two African-American families.   Each summer the African-American families in addition to some of the freed slaves attended camp meetings of people of color.   White worshippers were attracted to the meetings as well.   Even Tomlinson happened to attend some of these meetings.   Soon he was introduced by a man named J. B. Mitchell to Charles G. Finney, a revivalist.   In the year 1894, Tomlinson and Mitchell co-founded the Book and Tract Company which took th em both on short trips to Appalachia.   Tomlinson was introduced to Frank Sandford, the founder of the Shiloh community, and other religious figures around this time (Hunter).Tomlinson’s understanding of religion was enhanced as he encountered important religious personalities.   The Acts 2 commune practiced by the Shiloh community, for example, provided a model for his family to imitate.   In the year 1899, Tomlinson and his family came across the Fire-Baptized Holiness Association of B. H. Irwin (Hunter).   By this time Tomlinson had been eagerly seeking out â€Å"locations where special visitations of the Holy Spirit were occurring (Nienkirchen, 1992, p. 32).†Ã‚   According to Nienkirchen, the goal of Tomlinson was â€Å"to find the true ‘Church of God’ where the preaching of the word was being confirmed by miracles, signs, and wonders, together with gifts of the Holy Spirit according to the pattern of Acts (p. 32).†Ã‚   The Church of God for All Nations describes Tomlinson’s success in eventually finding the Church of God:According to prophecy, the Church (Zion) was ordained to arise from the grave of the Dark  Ages among the Gentiles in the Last Days (Isaiah 60:1-3; Isaiah 52:1).   This occurred on June  13, 1903, in Cherokee County, North Carolina, when Prophet A. J. Tomlinson found the body  of people whom God had chosen to be the resurrection Church of God in its infancy this side  of the Dark Ages.   It was in this same year that the Wright Brothers arose from the earth by  the invention of the airplane, a material witness to what God was doing spiritually (Isaiah  60:8).  Prior to this time, A. J. Tomlinson was a colporteur for the American Bible Society,  distributing Bibles and religious literature throughout the southeastern United States.He also  printed and distributed his first publication called â€Å"Samson's Foxes.†Ã‚   God began to move  upon him to find the bod y of people who would be the Church of the Last Days.   After  investigating many groups, he scripturally determined the one which God had chosen.   It was  the remains of a small union of churches which in 1886 became an association under the  guidance and direction of R. G. Spurling and came to be known as the Christian Union.   It had  dwindled into a small group in Camp Creek, however, because of the tragedies of heresy and  fanaticism which had crept in to destroy the flock.   In 1902 the name was changed from  Christian Union to Holiness Church.   The fellowship, consisting of some twenty members,  was abiding under the name of Holiness Church when A. J. Tomlinson was moved by God to approach them for fellowship (â€Å"Church of God History†).One morning of June 1903, Tomlinson climbed the Prayer Mountain in Cherokee County, North Carolina, to pray for the guidance of God.   Subsequently he was led by the Holy Spirit to join the Church of God t hat he had already discovered.   As Tomlinson was being led by the Holy Spirit, the Wright Brothers were trying hard to fly in another corner of North Carolina.   This acted as a sign for Tomlinson.   Moreover, his anointed leadership role became apparent to the others as well around the same time.   Tomlinson was made the pastor of the little community of believers almost immediately.   He was eventually recognized as a chosen one of God.   The Church was destined to grow under his guidance, until it was considered essential to arrange a General Assembly in the year 1906.   The General Assembly mainly consisted of the ministry.   After the meeting, the Church was able to grow further and its operations became more formalized.   The name of Tomlinson’s Church was eventually changed to Church of God in the year 1907 (â€Å"Church of God History†).Tomlinson noted that he felt â€Å"more fully awakened† in the year 1907 (Hunter).   Soon after, h e was granted the title of General Moderator of the Church of God.   In the year 1910, he was named General Overseer of the Church.   Four years later, the man’s appointment was acknowledged as perpetual.   In the year 1918, his life changed once again as his nation suffered from influenza and the Church was unable to convene a general conference.   From 1919, the state of affairs of the Church began to face a downturn, as the democratic government tried to disrupt its operation.In 1922, the democratic government was able to draw up a constitution to subjugate Tomlinson to the total control as well as limitations imposed by the laws of the land.   Tomlinson realized that this move on the part of the government was designed to control the â€Å"Theocratic Government (â€Å"Church of God History†).†Ã‚   From that point on, the man tried to do his utmost to make corrections in the functioning of the Church.   Because the financial records of the Church were not organized, however, the government expressed its doubts and suspicions about the conduct of the General Overseer.   Nevertheless, Tomlinson assumed complete responsibility for the financial affairs of his Church.   He was ultimately impeached in the year 1923 (â€Å"Church of God History†).Being a man of God, Tomlinson had failed to properly attend to the monetary affairs of the Church, as he had preferred to attend to the Holy Spirit.   Although he lost his position as the General Overseer of the Church, he could not lose his anointing from God.   Thus, the man remained loyal to the â€Å"Theocratic Government† as well as his appointment from God to lead people in faith (â€Å"Church of God History†).   Tomlinson performed these God-assigned duties with vigor and tenacity.   He even tried to reform the Church â€Å"by a principle well supported in Jeremiah 18:1-11 (â€Å"Church of God History†).†Ã‚   He had been impeached in J une.   By September he was able to get the Church of God to publish a periodical called The White Wing Messenger (â€Å"Church of God History†).Unsurprisingly, the Church of God began to flourish once more under the leadership of Tomlinson.   Although it had been persecuted, the Church also began to experience financial prosperity.   Most importantly, it was able to increase its understanding of prophetic truth through the guidance of Tomlinson.   The flag of the Church was â€Å"revealed according to Psalms 60:4 (â€Å"Church of God History†).†Ã‚   Soon after the United States Patent Office had granted recognition to the flag, in the year 1939, Tomlinson heard of a young minister named Grady R. Kent, who had been severely persecuted in Egan, Georgia.   Tomlinson invited Kent to pastor a local church in Cleveland.   Once he realized that Kent was a successful preacher, Tomlinson taught him about many prophetic passages.   The Church of Prophecy Mak ers Association was formed in the year 1941.   Shortly before his death in 1943, Tomlinson appointed Kent as its general secretary (â€Å"Church of God History†).Thus, Tomlinson fulfilled his responsibilities toward the Church until the very end of his term on earth.   Franklin D. Roosevelt, the president of the United States, was one of the many people who expressed their condolences at the demise of the great minister.   Tomlinson had been largely responsible for the â€Å"overspread of Pentecostalism† during the twentieth century (â€Å"Church of God History†).   Most importantly, however, he was responsible for helping countless people expand their knowledge about the Gospel.   Milton, his younger son, who was appointed as the General Overseer of the Church of God, is not known to have possessed the qualities of his father (â€Å"Church of God History†).   After all, Tomlinson had nurtured a special relationship with God that had granted h im special privileges in connection with the Holy Spirit, and ultimately with the Body of Christ.ReferencesHunter, H. D. (2003, Winter/Spring). A. J. Tomlinson’s Journey Toward Racial Reconciliation.Church of God History and Heritage.Nienkirchen, C. W. (1992). A. B. Simpson and the Pentecostal Movement. Peabody, MA:Hendrickson Publishers, Inc.